Give yourself a Chance, try it for three months. Why three months? As l told you earlier in these pages, hair grows at the rate of one centimetre per month, after three months your hair should have grown approximately one inch. Before you start have a good look using a mirror at what sort of state your hair is l remember my hair was receding at the temples. The fringe would not grow any longer than about half an inch, the hairline was fading away. By examining the hairline l Could see how puny the hair was. | cannot remember exactly how long after i started doing shoulder stands that i noticed that my hair had started to grow again, but you should notice a difference easily in three months.
Question: If | have been bald for some time will my hair grow back?
The answer to this question in theory is yes, as long as the Capillary network of the scalp has not deteriorated too much. With this new Circulation you are forcing upon the scalp, will help to improve the skin in general.
Hair with a good supply of blood must grow. Have you ever had an ingrown hair?
As a new hair starts to grow up the follicle, the pointed tip of the shaft pierces the side of the follicle. As the hair grows it pushes the shaft further into the skin and can be quite painful.
As you read earlier, the cells are Constantly dividing, one Cell splits into two. There is a good supply of blood,which by doing the shoulder stand at least twice a day there will be, the two oils we|| carry on growing.
If you are lucky enough to have not started to go bald. By doing these simple exercises it is impossible to go bald. If you are very bald Where you have just hair at the sides and back of the head, no hair in the male baldness region, and have been bald for a long time, the process of regrowing your hair Will be slow as the Capillary network has also deteriorated due to lack of blood. But in theory it should grow back but will take time. Keep the hair short and clean, massaging all over the scalp, especially the parts of the scalp you are scared to touch. With the new supply of blood it is impossible to wash your hair out.
As you read earlier in these pages, all human hair is the same. Whether it is on top of your head or under your armpit. Some women suffer from unwanted hair, Come to think about it most women shave their Services soon as electrolysis are offered to remove unwanted hair, but it still grows back. You see, the thing is hair being supplied with blood naturally must grow.
By performing the shoulderstand twice daily you are improving the circulation in general. Maybe some of you have already had high frequency treatment with electrodes and you disagree. it didn’t Work. But there again | don’t suppose you could afford them twice daily. By doing the shoulderstand you are reaping the same benefits as the high frequency treatments with the electrodes. You can see it is doing the job Minoxidil is said to do, feeding the hair with blood.
As you have read earlier the only thing that hair needs to restore the normal nutritional process is a supply of blood.
The first sign of this new treatment is a dramatic reduction in hair loss. This result is guaranteed. Obviously the bald patches will not grow back overnight. But you should notice improved growth in as little as 1 month.
It is said that baldness is hereditary, passed from one generation to another, which is true. Having conversations on the subject, | have heard quite a few people say “if you are going to go bald you are going to go bold.
What you must understand is your forefathers didn’t suffer from
baldness. They suffered from “a poor blood supply to the scalp”!
What is Baldness or Balding and how to halt hair loss
how chemical reactions work
If you are unable to do the shoulder-stand, there are other Ways of using gravity to improve circulation to the scalp. Lie on your stomach on a bed, hang your head over the end of the bed. You Will slowly feel your head filling with blood. This should be done for at least one minute each time you perform it twice daily. There are many ways you can use gravity to improve your hair growth.
The hardest thing I am going to have to do is actually get you to try the shoulder-stand etc, please give yourself a chance, you have bought this book and read up to here. l have got nothing » to lose. l know it works and l hope | have explained how it works. Let me ask you this question, what have you got to lose?
Like most things vi/e do in life, they are habit forming. And the bad habit that needs to be changed is the food that We spend 99.9999% of our time with our heads in an upright position. You must form new habits of doing the shoulder-stand first thing in the morning and last thing at night. Make it a habit.
Here are a few helpful pieces of advice. Don’t tell anyone that you are doing these simple exercises. The most important one being the shoulder-stand etc, that should not be missed. Why? ln my experience, l have told a friend about my theory and they have had a good laugh about it. By telling people who are not really concerned about their hair they will make fun out of your misfortune with the end results you being put off even trying it.
The hardest thing I am going to have to do is actually get you to try the shoulder-stand etc, please give yourself a chance, you have bought this book and read up to here. l have got nothing » to lose. l know it works and l hope | have explained how it works. Let me ask you this question, what have you got to lose?
Like most things vi/e do in life, they are habit forming. And the bad habit that needs to be changed is the food that We spend 99.9999% of our time with our heads in an upright position. You must form new habits of doing the shoulder-stand first thing in the morning and last thing at night. Make it a habit.
Here are a few helpful pieces of advice. Don’t tell anyone that you are doing these simple exercises. The most important one being the shoulder-stand etc, that should not be missed. Why? ln my experience, l have told a friend about my theory and they have had a good laugh about it. By telling people who are not really concerned about their hair they will make fun out of your misfortune with the end results you being put off even trying it.
shoulder-stand position for hair growth
When you are in the shoulder stand position, the blood gently rushes into the capillary network of the scalp.
As blood passes through the capillaries network in the papilla a liquid oozes out through the porous Walls of the capillaries to bathe the surrounding Cells. The liquid is tissue fluid and is similar to blood plasma; Oxygen which is released from the haemoglobin ot the red blood cells and the products of digestion (amino acids, fatty acids and glucose) are carried by the tissue fluid to the cells round the hair papilla, so enabling the chemical reactions to take place in the papilla. The result of the chemical reactions is hair growth.
Some of the tissue fluid re-enters the capillaries carrying waste carbon dioxide and some flow away in other channels called lymph vessels.
As we know blood travels around the body in a series of tubes in one direction only. When you go back into an upright position the force of gravity will speed up the Circulation of the blood back to the heart. Thus Creating a Siphon effect, increasing the rate of Chemical reactions in the hair root, thus improving hair growth.
As blood passes through the capillaries network in the papilla a liquid oozes out through the porous Walls of the capillaries to bathe the surrounding Cells. The liquid is tissue fluid and is similar to blood plasma; Oxygen which is released from the haemoglobin ot the red blood cells and the products of digestion (amino acids, fatty acids and glucose) are carried by the tissue fluid to the cells round the hair papilla, so enabling the chemical reactions to take place in the papilla. The result of the chemical reactions is hair growth.
Some of the tissue fluid re-enters the capillaries carrying waste carbon dioxide and some flow away in other channels called lymph vessels.
As we know blood travels around the body in a series of tubes in one direction only. When you go back into an upright position the force of gravity will speed up the Circulation of the blood back to the heart. Thus Creating a Siphon effect, increasing the rate of Chemical reactions in the hair root, thus improving hair growth.
hair growth
As you read earlier, hair growth depends on the products of digestion, (amino acids, fatty acids, glucose and oxygen). Which are carried to the hair papilla by the blood. If you have got hair growing anywhere on your body your blood has the right ingredients to grow hair.
Although gravity is the Weakest known natural force, it is stronger than hormones, stress etc.
the materials required for the growth and development of healthy hair are BROUGHT to the hair papilla by the blood. l am showing you how to BRING the blood to the hair papilla of the scalp using a natural force.
Whilst in the shoulder stand position you will also feel your head fill with blood.
Question? When I stand up after being in the shoulder stand position. Won’t the blood just run back down avi/ay from the scalp?
Although gravity is the Weakest known natural force, it is stronger than hormones, stress etc.
the materials required for the growth and development of healthy hair are BROUGHT to the hair papilla by the blood. l am showing you how to BRING the blood to the hair papilla of the scalp using a natural force.
Whilst in the shoulder stand position you will also feel your head fill with blood.
Question? When I stand up after being in the shoulder stand position. Won’t the blood just run back down avi/ay from the scalp?
So how does it Cure baldness?
So how does it Cure baldness?
Hair follicles are kept healthy by the blood vessels that feed them. Hair loss starts when the blood vessels cease to produce a vital supply of nutrients carried to the follicles by the blood.
The follicles become inactive, hair gets thinner and thinner then begins to fall out. This simple treatment Works by stimulating that blood supply feeding the follicles. Simply by performing a shoulder stand twice daily, that is first thing in the morning and last thing at night,will improve the blood supply to the scalp. This restores the normal nutritional process and hair growth follows.
Whilst it this position you are bathing the hair papilla with blood this allows the chemical reactions to take place in the hair root. The result of these Chemical reactions are hair growth. How long should you stay in the shoulder stand position? The answer being 30 Seconds each time at least. Although it will not do you any harm to do it for as long as you feel Comfortable.
Now it you are not convinced and want proof that it works. Take a mirror and arrange it so Whilst in this position you can see your hairline or head. What Colour has it gone? if the answer is red, what is the red Colour you can see? Blood.
Hair follicles are kept healthy by the blood vessels that feed them. Hair loss starts when the blood vessels cease to produce a vital supply of nutrients carried to the follicles by the blood.
The follicles become inactive, hair gets thinner and thinner then begins to fall out. This simple treatment Works by stimulating that blood supply feeding the follicles. Simply by performing a shoulder stand twice daily, that is first thing in the morning and last thing at night,will improve the blood supply to the scalp. This restores the normal nutritional process and hair growth follows.
Whilst it this position you are bathing the hair papilla with blood this allows the chemical reactions to take place in the hair root. The result of these Chemical reactions are hair growth. How long should you stay in the shoulder stand position? The answer being 30 Seconds each time at least. Although it will not do you any harm to do it for as long as you feel Comfortable.
Now it you are not convinced and want proof that it works. Take a mirror and arrange it so Whilst in this position you can see your hairline or head. What Colour has it gone? if the answer is red, what is the red Colour you can see? Blood.
When was the last time you were upside down?
When was the last time you were upside down?
The answer would probably be if you are 25 years old, 10 years ago. It you are 35 years old, 20 years ago. I would say that you were probably 15 years old the last time you were upside' down. Gravity is the cause, but now i am going to show you how to use gravity as the Cure.
If at this stage you are thinking should l do a headstand? Good idea, but experts would say no. That by doing a headstand does not increase blood flow to the top of the scalp or the male pattern baldness region. On the contrary it constricts the capillaries and decreases the blood flow there.
Now l am going to show you how to increase the blood flow to the male pattern baldness region.
The answer would probably be if you are 25 years old, 10 years ago. It you are 35 years old, 20 years ago. I would say that you were probably 15 years old the last time you were upside' down. Gravity is the cause, but now i am going to show you how to use gravity as the Cure.
If at this stage you are thinking should l do a headstand? Good idea, but experts would say no. That by doing a headstand does not increase blood flow to the top of the scalp or the male pattern baldness region. On the contrary it constricts the capillaries and decreases the blood flow there.
Now l am going to show you how to increase the blood flow to the male pattern baldness region.
NECK STRETCHES
NECK STRETCHES
Slowly drop your head forward, to each side and backward, as far as possible, stretching the neck muscles. Repeat ten times.
The relaxation, head and neck exercises play only a small role in this natural cure to baldness. But should be carried out daily. These simple exercises can be carried out anywhere Whilst sitting down or standing up. You should also look out for signs of stress and rid the body of stress. All this will help in releasing tension that can constrict the blood vessels to the scalp.
We all know that We retain hair at the back and sides of the head. Well known baldies such as Telly Savalas and Yul Brynner had to shave their hair in order to complete their image.
As you have read earlier some hair clinics sell you special shampoo for balding hair. Keep your hair Clean, you should wash your hair at least every clay or two. l know only too Well myself that when my hair first started to recede, l was soared to give the fringe of my hairline a good scrub. l used to give the back and sides a good rub but was scared to touch the part of my scalp which was receding. Never buy shampoo from anywhere other than your local chemist or supermarket, use a mild shampoo and when washing your hair give the Whole scalp a vigorous massage, you Cannot Wash your hair out. Always give the top of the scalp a good massage, this will also help improve the Circulation.
l have talked a lot about gravity in these pages, and in my opinion gravity is the Cause of male pattern baldness, or a bad supply of blood to the scalp. Let me answer this question about yourself for you.
Slowly drop your head forward, to each side and backward, as far as possible, stretching the neck muscles. Repeat ten times.
The relaxation, head and neck exercises play only a small role in this natural cure to baldness. But should be carried out daily. These simple exercises can be carried out anywhere Whilst sitting down or standing up. You should also look out for signs of stress and rid the body of stress. All this will help in releasing tension that can constrict the blood vessels to the scalp.
We all know that We retain hair at the back and sides of the head. Well known baldies such as Telly Savalas and Yul Brynner had to shave their hair in order to complete their image.
As you have read earlier some hair clinics sell you special shampoo for balding hair. Keep your hair Clean, you should wash your hair at least every clay or two. l know only too Well myself that when my hair first started to recede, l was soared to give the fringe of my hairline a good scrub. l used to give the back and sides a good rub but was scared to touch the part of my scalp which was receding. Never buy shampoo from anywhere other than your local chemist or supermarket, use a mild shampoo and when washing your hair give the Whole scalp a vigorous massage, you Cannot Wash your hair out. Always give the top of the scalp a good massage, this will also help improve the Circulation.
l have talked a lot about gravity in these pages, and in my opinion gravity is the Cause of male pattern baldness, or a bad supply of blood to the scalp. Let me answer this question about yourself for you.
HEAD ROLLS
I will guarantee that by doing these simple exercises your hairline will not recede any more. And depending on how long the hair has been receding and it will start to grow back. Do these head and neck exercises as often as you can.
They will keep the muscles supple and help prevent both physical and mental tension. Tiredness and tension in the head area can be a particular problem if you have to sit and work at a desk for long periods, or if you spend a lot of time standing and talking. Tension on lodge at the back of the neck and this in turn causes constriction of the small muscles and blood vessels of the scalp, temples and hairline. Headaches and migraine are obvious warnings. Tightness of the throat, eyestrain, numbness and cricks in the neck are also symptoms of this type of tension.
HEAD ROLLS
Roll your head slowly Clockwise and then counter Clockwise, three times each way, allowing it to drop heavily.
HEAD AND NECK
Head rolls and neck stretches ease away deep-rooted tension. To make them more effective practice them slowly as possible to maximise the stretch. Moving the head too rapidly when you are tense can increase stiffness and cause twinges and cricks. Each time you drop the head feel its complete weight and allow your jaw to open and your eyes to close so that the relaxing effects are increased.
They will keep the muscles supple and help prevent both physical and mental tension. Tiredness and tension in the head area can be a particular problem if you have to sit and work at a desk for long periods, or if you spend a lot of time standing and talking. Tension on lodge at the back of the neck and this in turn causes constriction of the small muscles and blood vessels of the scalp, temples and hairline. Headaches and migraine are obvious warnings. Tightness of the throat, eyestrain, numbness and cricks in the neck are also symptoms of this type of tension.
HEAD ROLLS
Roll your head slowly Clockwise and then counter Clockwise, three times each way, allowing it to drop heavily.
HEAD AND NECK
Head rolls and neck stretches ease away deep-rooted tension. To make them more effective practice them slowly as possible to maximise the stretch. Moving the head too rapidly when you are tense can increase stiffness and cause twinges and cricks. Each time you drop the head feel its complete weight and allow your jaw to open and your eyes to close so that the relaxing effects are increased.
Don’t worry they will grow back
The sequence is right foot, right Calf, right thigh, front and rear. Left foot, left Calf, left thigh, front and rear. Pelvis, abdomen, lower back, chest, upper back, right hand, right forearm, right upper arm, front and rear, right shoulder.
Left shoulder, throat, neck, jaw, lips, tongue, eyes, brows and scalp.
Observe your breathing again for a minute or two. Then repeat the sequence of letting go with the muscles from feet to scalp. Continue in the manner just described for as many minutes as your giving to relaxation. Ten to twenty is a good average.
At the Conclusion of each wave of relaxation from feet to scalp, the whole body should rest with its full Weight and feel drained of tension. The mind should also be at peace.
To help relax the brow (tension in the forehead onset clots the blood vessels). Frown Strongly, contracting the muscles of the brow. Hold the contraction for six seconds, then let go fully. To help relax the scalp, without moving your head, move the scalp forwards and backwards a few times by conscious control. Then let go fully with the scalp muscles. This helps to rid the scalp of any tension.
I hope that as you have read this book you by now have a Clear View on the growth of hair.And in my opinion baldness is due to poor circulation of blood in the Capillary network of the scalp. And by returning a supply of blood to the hair papilla will make the hair grow. I would also like to say that you will never lose another hair on your head. As you read earlier about the growth cycle of hair you lose about one hundred scalp hairs per day. Don’t worry they will grow back.
Left shoulder, throat, neck, jaw, lips, tongue, eyes, brows and scalp.
Observe your breathing again for a minute or two. Then repeat the sequence of letting go with the muscles from feet to scalp. Continue in the manner just described for as many minutes as your giving to relaxation. Ten to twenty is a good average.
At the Conclusion of each wave of relaxation from feet to scalp, the whole body should rest with its full Weight and feel drained of tension. The mind should also be at peace.
To help relax the brow (tension in the forehead onset clots the blood vessels). Frown Strongly, contracting the muscles of the brow. Hold the contraction for six seconds, then let go fully. To help relax the scalp, without moving your head, move the scalp forwards and backwards a few times by conscious control. Then let go fully with the scalp muscles. This helps to rid the scalp of any tension.
I hope that as you have read this book you by now have a Clear View on the growth of hair.And in my opinion baldness is due to poor circulation of blood in the Capillary network of the scalp. And by returning a supply of blood to the hair papilla will make the hair grow. I would also like to say that you will never lose another hair on your head. As you read earlier about the growth cycle of hair you lose about one hundred scalp hairs per day. Don’t worry they will grow back.
THE NATURAL CURE TO BALDNESS
If you think you suffer from stress. Try these simple relaxation techniques.
Lie flat on your back in a Corpse position.
Observe your breathing without trying to control it, for a few minutes. Make two successive deep inhalations and exhalations, swelling out the abdomen on breathing in and out. Relax the abdomen Wall fully at the conclusion of the second breath.
Observe your breathing once again. When it has become quite, smooth even in rhythm, direct your attention like a laser beam in sequence over the parts of the body listed overleaf. Tense the muscles then let go. So the muscles rest with their full weight. Note carefully the sensations of tension, then of the absence of tension (relaxation).
Lie flat on your back in a Corpse position.
Observe your breathing without trying to control it, for a few minutes. Make two successive deep inhalations and exhalations, swelling out the abdomen on breathing in and out. Relax the abdomen Wall fully at the conclusion of the second breath.
Observe your breathing once again. When it has become quite, smooth even in rhythm, direct your attention like a laser beam in sequence over the parts of the body listed overleaf. Tense the muscles then let go. So the muscles rest with their full weight. Note carefully the sensations of tension, then of the absence of tension (relaxation).
WIGS AND TOUPEES
The Wearing of wigs is a more permanent solution, employed from the time of the Egyptians on, and many bald Roman emperors managed to appear on coins with, seemingly, a full head of hair because of this simple remedy. Even today, a good Wig or toupee (hair piece) is the only solution for someone with severe Hippocratic baldness if they Cannot face the future Without hair. But it is quite a financial commitment; the Cost of a toupee made of good duality hair, mixed to match your own, is around £650; and one toupee is not enough as it has to be Cleaned regularly, so two is the minimum and three is preferable.
hair weaving
In this, hair pieces are attached to the client’s own hair by means of tight weaving. As the person’s hair grows, the attached hair gradually moves away from the scalp so the hair and the hair pieces have to be restyled every 3-4 months or so. As well as the need for restyling, there is a slight possibility that the technique itself can cause loss of hair from what is termed traction alopecia, where the tension caused by the attachments pules out the hair.
Hair weaving is expensive, and the Cost Continues: the initial ‘weft’ Woven into the hair can Cost about £500 and there is a monthly fee for restyling.
Hair weaving is expensive, and the Cost Continues: the initial ‘weft’ Woven into the hair can Cost about £500 and there is a monthly fee for restyling.
SOFT-TISSUE EXPANSION
SOFT-TISSUE EXPANSION This is the most recent surgical innovation. Silicon bags are inserted under the skin of the scalp that bears hair, and these are slowly filled with salt Water over a period of 2-4 months. The hair-bearing skin expands thus spreading the hair more thinly but also more widely. The bags are then removed, the bald patch reduced in size by excision; and the stretched skin, with its attendant hair, joined together. This technique is gaining popularity in the USA, despite the fact that the individual has to hide away for around four months While the silicon bags are being inflated. lt is not yet available in the UK.
No figures are available for the success rates of any of the above surgical treatments, as most are carried out in private clinics Whose results are not pooled.
No figures are available for the success rates of any of the above surgical treatments, as most are carried out in private clinics Whose results are not pooled.
Hair bearing cylinders
When working with these hair bearing cylinders, the physician uses a punch about 3/16 inch in diameter. With this instrument, he punches out grafts from the donor area, then bores out an equal number of ‘plugs’ of bald scalp from the reception area. into these plugs he relocates the donor grafts. Since the skin is from the same person, the body accepts the tissue. The grafts become encrusted with dried blood and When The scabs fall off, they are usually securely attached.
A very interesting thing happens when you have a hair transplant. Within a few weeks or months after surgery, all transplanted hairs fall out of the soap. Fortunately however, in a scalp offering sufficient nourishment, new hairs eventually grow. So that Within a year the full cosmetic effects of the procedure are visible.
Although it is not the hair you are transplanting, it’s the papilla. lt is the papilla that undergoes the trauma of the operation and retreats into a resting stage. And it is the papilla that eventually generates the new hair that fills in the balding area. The hairs that are actually moved from one part of the scalp to the other fall away. They are not important. But their generating organ is and that is Why the donor grafts mostly include the papilla if the procedure is to Work.
Unfortunately, transplant specialists Claim that transplants will thrive forever. Yet not one of them will guarantee their work! It depends upon the physician's skill and the recipient’s scalp Condition and scalp Care habits. The m is that the transplant papilla from the hairy fringes of the head DEPENDS ON THE BLOOD SUPPLY FOR THEIR SURVIVAL and without adequate nourishment they will fail, just like those who preceded them.
A very interesting thing happens when you have a hair transplant. Within a few weeks or months after surgery, all transplanted hairs fall out of the soap. Fortunately however, in a scalp offering sufficient nourishment, new hairs eventually grow. So that Within a year the full cosmetic effects of the procedure are visible.
Although it is not the hair you are transplanting, it’s the papilla. lt is the papilla that undergoes the trauma of the operation and retreats into a resting stage. And it is the papilla that eventually generates the new hair that fills in the balding area. The hairs that are actually moved from one part of the scalp to the other fall away. They are not important. But their generating organ is and that is Why the donor grafts mostly include the papilla if the procedure is to Work.
Unfortunately, transplant specialists Claim that transplants will thrive forever. Yet not one of them will guarantee their work! It depends upon the physician's skill and the recipient’s scalp Condition and scalp Care habits. The m is that the transplant papilla from the hairy fringes of the head DEPENDS ON THE BLOOD SUPPLY FOR THEIR SURVIVAL and without adequate nourishment they will fail, just like those who preceded them.
Hair transplantation
Hair transplantation is unique, this is a technique of hair replacement that uproots hairs growing on the side and rear fringe areas of your scalp where the blood supply is abundant and replanting them in balding areas. lt is the most common form of cosmetic surgery for men today and requires a physician to carry it out. lt is expensive and bloody, transplanted hair can grow successfully if the procedure is carried out properly and if the scalp areas receiving the transplant has enough BLOOD to nourish the new hairs.
Hair transplantation is usually done by one of three methods. In the flap technique, rectangular pieces of scalp are Cut out on three sides and swung over to the bald areas to Create a new hair line.
ln the strip procedure a narrower patch is removed from the back of the head and replanted. But most hair transplants are accomplished in the form of ‘plugs’ small cylinders of hair bearing scalp moved from the sides and rear of your scalp to the crown and frontal areas.
MINOXIDIL
MINOXIDIL
The drug minoxidil is the only medication that has been scientifically proven to be effective in the treatment of male-pattern baldness. It is the only such drug available on the market that has approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States and the Committee for the Safety of Medicines in the United Kingdom.
It was discovered by accident in the 1960s by scientists at the Upjohn drug company Researchers were analysing rats’ urine looking for an antihypertensive drug ( one that would lower high blood pressure). This they discovered and, with a slight modification, tested it in clinical trials. It was found to be one of the most powerful antihypertensives of the time, but it had one major disadvantage - when taken by mouth, as prescribed, patients grew hair all over their bodies! Could the scientists have stumbled on to the miracle Cure for baldness? At first, it seemed as if they had -When minoxidil was dissolved and applied to the scalps of balding men, the hair of some of them regrew.
However, in the clinical trials that followed the discovery, the limitations of the drug became apparent. The trials involved men who were relatively young - between the ages of 20 and 49 - and not Completely bald applying a solution of the drug to their soaps twice a day, the majority reported a slowing of the rate of hair loss, and after four months of treatment, 5-8 per cent had a moderate-to-marked hair growth on the crown of the head, and 15-20 per cent had some growth of very fine (although, unfortunately, virtually invisible) vellum hair. At 12 months, 39 per cent of the subjects had moderate-to-marked hair growth, but so did 11 per cent of those using the placebo (the same solution without the minoxidil)! The results of a further trial also appear to show that the maximum hair growth is achieved after one year of using the drug, after 30 months, there was less hair growing than at the 12 month level. All the trials noted that if the treatment stopped, the hair regressed to the pretreatment baldness within 3-6 weeks. So the twice-daily applications have to be adhered to absolute
The conclusion is that minoxidil (sold on the UK market as Rogaine) will not significantly help the majority of balding men. However, it will help a very small and specific population of minimally balding men, but probably only for a limited period of time.
Nobody knows exactly how the drug works, but it certainly increases the blood supply to the hair follicles.
Some dermatologists have found that a 3 per Cent solution, rather than the 2 per Cent one marketed by Upjohn, is more effective. Others have found that mixing minoxidil with other substances such as retinoic acid gives a better growth of hair. Both Regaine and minoxidil compounds have to be prescribed; they are not available over the counter. lt is rare to be prescribed these substances on the National Health, a private prescription costs £30 per month, and as the treatment must continue to avoid hair loss, this means a yearly outlay of at least £360.
Like any other drug, minoxidil has contraindications and side-effects. It should not be used by anyone Whose skin on the scalp is broken or who suffers from sodium and water retention, tachycardia or angina pectoris. When taken, it may Cause itching of the scalp (the most Common side-effect), redness, scaling and burning, as well as Water retention, Chest pain, blood pressure and/or pulse Changes, palpitations, shortness of breath, non-specific allergic reactions, headache and dizziness.
This cure is said to Work in certain cases, unlike the high frequency treatment with electrodes you can’t actually see the increase in the blood supply, i.e. the skin turning red.
Most clinics specialising in hair loss will tell you the same thing.
There is no Cure for baldness. They sell you something for hundreds of. pounds. You have Clinics specialising in hair transplants. Hair is taken from the back or sides of the head in the form of a skin graft and planted on the balding region. You are told to make your transplant as natural as possible the transplant is done at one stage at a time. The total cost running into thousands of pounds. For this new hair that has been transplanted still has to get a good supply of blood if it is to survive.
Today’s Cures in the future will be laughed at, the same as the potion of burnt snakes.
l read an article in the TODAY newspaper about the latest Wonder drug on the market. It has been hailed as the Wonder Cure to baldness, the answer to every ageing man’s dreams. But since the drug was first tested 8 years ago, its use has been associated with allegations of sharp practice. Massive profits and dubious advice.
Today newspaper, Monday March Ztst 1988. A journalist who has been bald since he was seventeen years old, ten years later reports. After taking advice from expert biologist | had to accept there is no cure. However men all over the country for whom advanced genetic baldness means there is no hope of a cure for forking out hundreds of pounds for the miracle hair restorer.
A treatment one expert described as totally useless (he was probably selling transplants). It is available only on private prescription, enabling clinics to Corner the market Worth millions ot pounds. Tests have shown it can Work in the right patient, but investigators have shown it is being discriminately recommended by so called hair consultants. A certain clinic in Cumberland Place, London W1 described herself as a hair consultant, the consultation lasted thirty minutes, in which the scalp was examined for thirty seconds asked if he was in good general health, recommended a lotion (£410 for six months). Also, once a Week sessions of electro therapy, infrared scalp treatment ’to stimulate the blood Circulation’ and washing with special Cleansing agents (£264) recommended home use of seven special shampoos pre-shampoo Cleansers and Conditioners (£36.50) initial supply, grand total £710.50 for six months. But even if this treatment did Work you would be paying £1,421 a year for the rest of your life.
I would also like to say that the simple Cure in this book used twice daily will Work as good as any lotion.
Hair implantation is another cure sold to the public. It is a minor cosmetic surgical technique that requires the participation of a doctor. The procedure consists of sewing nylon stitches into the scalp. These stitches like anchors hold a toupee or several wefts of synthetic hair in place.
There is no need for frequent rebreeding because you don’t have any hair of your own to anchor it to, you can be totally bald and still receive an implant.
Unfortunately however, the stitches are foreign irritants that you are inserting into a very sensitive part of your skin. And infections can result. if and when they do the stitches must be removed and new ones sewn into other areas of the scalp. After a while your head can end up Covered with a patchwork of scars.
The implants greatest disadvantage? Because of its anchoring a close fitting piece, you can forget about proper shampooing and massage.
Hair transplantation is unique, this is a technique of hair replacement that uproots hairs growing on the side and rear fringe areas of your scalp where the blood supply is abundant and replanting them in balding areas. It is the most Common form of cosmetic surgery for men today and requires a physician to carry it out. It is expensive and bloody, transplanted hair can grow successfully if the procedure is carried out properly and if the scalp areas receiving the transplant has enough BLOOD to nourish the new hairs.
Hair transplantation is usually done by one of three methods. In the flap technique, rectangular pieces of scalp are cutout on three sides and swung over to the bald areas to Create a new hair line.
In the strip procedure a narrower patch is removed from the back of the head and replanted. But most hair transplants are accomplished in the form of ‘plugs’ small cylinders of hair bearing scalp moved from the sides and rear of your scalp to the crown and frontal areas.
The drug minoxidil is the only medication that has been scientifically proven to be effective in the treatment of male-pattern baldness. It is the only such drug available on the market that has approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States and the Committee for the Safety of Medicines in the United Kingdom.
It was discovered by accident in the 1960s by scientists at the Upjohn drug company Researchers were analysing rats’ urine looking for an antihypertensive drug ( one that would lower high blood pressure). This they discovered and, with a slight modification, tested it in clinical trials. It was found to be one of the most powerful antihypertensives of the time, but it had one major disadvantage - when taken by mouth, as prescribed, patients grew hair all over their bodies! Could the scientists have stumbled on to the miracle Cure for baldness? At first, it seemed as if they had -When minoxidil was dissolved and applied to the scalps of balding men, the hair of some of them regrew.
However, in the clinical trials that followed the discovery, the limitations of the drug became apparent. The trials involved men who were relatively young - between the ages of 20 and 49 - and not Completely bald applying a solution of the drug to their soaps twice a day, the majority reported a slowing of the rate of hair loss, and after four months of treatment, 5-8 per cent had a moderate-to-marked hair growth on the crown of the head, and 15-20 per cent had some growth of very fine (although, unfortunately, virtually invisible) vellum hair. At 12 months, 39 per cent of the subjects had moderate-to-marked hair growth, but so did 11 per cent of those using the placebo (the same solution without the minoxidil)! The results of a further trial also appear to show that the maximum hair growth is achieved after one year of using the drug, after 30 months, there was less hair growing than at the 12 month level. All the trials noted that if the treatment stopped, the hair regressed to the pretreatment baldness within 3-6 weeks. So the twice-daily applications have to be adhered to absolute
The conclusion is that minoxidil (sold on the UK market as Rogaine) will not significantly help the majority of balding men. However, it will help a very small and specific population of minimally balding men, but probably only for a limited period of time.
Nobody knows exactly how the drug works, but it certainly increases the blood supply to the hair follicles.
Some dermatologists have found that a 3 per Cent solution, rather than the 2 per Cent one marketed by Upjohn, is more effective. Others have found that mixing minoxidil with other substances such as retinoic acid gives a better growth of hair. Both Regaine and minoxidil compounds have to be prescribed; they are not available over the counter. lt is rare to be prescribed these substances on the National Health, a private prescription costs £30 per month, and as the treatment must continue to avoid hair loss, this means a yearly outlay of at least £360.
Like any other drug, minoxidil has contraindications and side-effects. It should not be used by anyone Whose skin on the scalp is broken or who suffers from sodium and water retention, tachycardia or angina pectoris. When taken, it may Cause itching of the scalp (the most Common side-effect), redness, scaling and burning, as well as Water retention, Chest pain, blood pressure and/or pulse Changes, palpitations, shortness of breath, non-specific allergic reactions, headache and dizziness.
This cure is said to Work in certain cases, unlike the high frequency treatment with electrodes you can’t actually see the increase in the blood supply, i.e. the skin turning red.
Most clinics specialising in hair loss will tell you the same thing.
There is no Cure for baldness. They sell you something for hundreds of. pounds. You have Clinics specialising in hair transplants. Hair is taken from the back or sides of the head in the form of a skin graft and planted on the balding region. You are told to make your transplant as natural as possible the transplant is done at one stage at a time. The total cost running into thousands of pounds. For this new hair that has been transplanted still has to get a good supply of blood if it is to survive.
Today’s Cures in the future will be laughed at, the same as the potion of burnt snakes.
l read an article in the TODAY newspaper about the latest Wonder drug on the market. It has been hailed as the Wonder Cure to baldness, the answer to every ageing man’s dreams. But since the drug was first tested 8 years ago, its use has been associated with allegations of sharp practice. Massive profits and dubious advice.
Today newspaper, Monday March Ztst 1988. A journalist who has been bald since he was seventeen years old, ten years later reports. After taking advice from expert biologist | had to accept there is no cure. However men all over the country for whom advanced genetic baldness means there is no hope of a cure for forking out hundreds of pounds for the miracle hair restorer.
A treatment one expert described as totally useless (he was probably selling transplants). It is available only on private prescription, enabling clinics to Corner the market Worth millions ot pounds. Tests have shown it can Work in the right patient, but investigators have shown it is being discriminately recommended by so called hair consultants. A certain clinic in Cumberland Place, London W1 described herself as a hair consultant, the consultation lasted thirty minutes, in which the scalp was examined for thirty seconds asked if he was in good general health, recommended a lotion (£410 for six months). Also, once a Week sessions of electro therapy, infrared scalp treatment ’to stimulate the blood Circulation’ and washing with special Cleansing agents (£264) recommended home use of seven special shampoos pre-shampoo Cleansers and Conditioners (£36.50) initial supply, grand total £710.50 for six months. But even if this treatment did Work you would be paying £1,421 a year for the rest of your life.
I would also like to say that the simple Cure in this book used twice daily will Work as good as any lotion.
Hair implantation is another cure sold to the public. It is a minor cosmetic surgical technique that requires the participation of a doctor. The procedure consists of sewing nylon stitches into the scalp. These stitches like anchors hold a toupee or several wefts of synthetic hair in place.
There is no need for frequent rebreeding because you don’t have any hair of your own to anchor it to, you can be totally bald and still receive an implant.
Unfortunately however, the stitches are foreign irritants that you are inserting into a very sensitive part of your skin. And infections can result. if and when they do the stitches must be removed and new ones sewn into other areas of the scalp. After a while your head can end up Covered with a patchwork of scars.
The implants greatest disadvantage? Because of its anchoring a close fitting piece, you can forget about proper shampooing and massage.
Hair transplantation is unique, this is a technique of hair replacement that uproots hairs growing on the side and rear fringe areas of your scalp where the blood supply is abundant and replanting them in balding areas. It is the most Common form of cosmetic surgery for men today and requires a physician to carry it out. It is expensive and bloody, transplanted hair can grow successfully if the procedure is carried out properly and if the scalp areas receiving the transplant has enough BLOOD to nourish the new hairs.
Hair transplantation is usually done by one of three methods. In the flap technique, rectangular pieces of scalp are cutout on three sides and swung over to the bald areas to Create a new hair line.
In the strip procedure a narrower patch is removed from the back of the head and replanted. But most hair transplants are accomplished in the form of ‘plugs’ small cylinders of hair bearing scalp moved from the sides and rear of your scalp to the crown and frontal areas.
Balding Miracle Cures
Balding Miracle Cures.
The reference to the word miracle in the Collins English Dictionary reads: “An event that is Contrary to the established laws of nature and attributed to a supernatural cause?
In about 400 BC, Hippocrates, known as the father of medicine, prescribed opium, mixed with rose or lily essence and made into an ointment with wine, acai juice and olive oil, as a cure for thinning hair. Some 3400 years earlier the mother of an Egyptian king recommended rubbing the head with a concoction of ground dogs paws, dates and asses hoofs soaked in oil.
Other appetising Cures included an application with a mixture barnacle from burning live snakes. Thought to be particularly restorative if the snakes were caught at full moon. Although these weird mixtures are unlikely to help in themselves, we know today that massage of the scalp is both relaxing and restorative.
Rather than a balm made of snakes, one method that is being used today is High Frequency treatment with electrodes to stimulate and increase the blood circulation.
Tiny electrodes are placed on the skin’s surface on the arteries. When operated they send small electrical pulses which increases the blood supply to the scalp. A friend of mine who underwent this treatment remarked, “That it makes all your head go red”.
The reference to the word miracle in the Collins English Dictionary reads: “An event that is Contrary to the established laws of nature and attributed to a supernatural cause?
In about 400 BC, Hippocrates, known as the father of medicine, prescribed opium, mixed with rose or lily essence and made into an ointment with wine, acai juice and olive oil, as a cure for thinning hair. Some 3400 years earlier the mother of an Egyptian king recommended rubbing the head with a concoction of ground dogs paws, dates and asses hoofs soaked in oil.
Other appetising Cures included an application with a mixture barnacle from burning live snakes. Thought to be particularly restorative if the snakes were caught at full moon. Although these weird mixtures are unlikely to help in themselves, we know today that massage of the scalp is both relaxing and restorative.
Rather than a balm made of snakes, one method that is being used today is High Frequency treatment with electrodes to stimulate and increase the blood circulation.
Tiny electrodes are placed on the skin’s surface on the arteries. When operated they send small electrical pulses which increases the blood supply to the scalp. A friend of mine who underwent this treatment remarked, “That it makes all your head go red”.
This treatment Works on the principle that by increasing the blood supply to the scalp the hair receives the nourishment from the blood that it needs for healthy hair to grow. This cure does Work. All that the hair needs to grow is a supply of blood. The only snag is, this treatment is very expensive. You have to travel to a hair Clinic Costing you money in time and travel. The Charges for Consultations vary between £150- £350 in West End clinics.
The latest drug on the market is minoxidil. “The spin off Cure to baldness” one newspaper reported. Sufferers of high blood pressure who embarrassing became Furry after treatment with a drug Called Minoxidil have given the bald a chance of restoring their hair.
The patients who became FURRY administered this drug in tablet form. The Guardian, Wednesday September the 11th reports ‘All over the USA middle aged men are pulverising pills prescribed for high blood pressure Combining the powder with alcohol as a solvent and rubbing the mixture on top of their heads.
The drug is said to work on the same principals as the high frequency electrode treatment. People selling this drug gave an explanation as to how it Works, “it actually Works by stimulating those tiny hair glands or follicles in the scalp that have gone dormant. lt wakes them up and they begin to do the real job they are programmed to do - produce natural hair growth? The treatment works by stimulating the blood supply feeding the follicles.
Evolution and baldness.
Maybe Evolution
My theory to why man develops a bad blood supply to the scalp may have something to do with evolution.
Were humans brought to this earth fully formed, as told in the Bible? Do humans share an ancestor with apes?
I believe in the second theory.
The oldest fossil evidence shows fourteen million years ago Ramapithecus, looked like this (Figure A). Some people now think that they were more closely related to orang-utans than to any other apes.
Ramapithecus 14 million years ago was first found in india, and named after Rama, a Hindu god and Piteous, the Greek for monkey. Then we Came across a fossil gap. Fossils have not been found for the period between 8-4 million years ago. One such theory which is possible is that much of the land was covered in shallow seas and some apes might have adapted to their new habitat by taking to the water in search of food and shelter. This theory could explain why fossils found after the gap have features which humans do not share with other primates, such as little body hair, a layer of fat under the skin and breath control under water, all of which are very helpful when swimming.
Next Came AUSTRALOPITHECUS (“southern ape”). They Walked upright and used bones and stones as tools. They shared some features with gorillas and chimpanzees and it is thought that the split between apes and hominids happened now.
Next Came HOMO HABILIS (“handy man”). These early humans Walked upright and used tools to make other tools.
HOMO ERECTUS (“upright man”). Homo erectus probably first evolved in Africa and South East Asia, and then moved northwards to Europe and North Asia. The skull shape differs greatly in the different places where they have been found. This might be the result of evolution, or it may be because some of the specimens belong to a slightly different group.
HOMO SAPIENS NEANDERTHALENSIS
Neanderthals had larger brains than modern man, lived in shelters and caves, had some form of speech and conducted Ceremonies such as burying their dead. (l would say that it was about this time when man started to lose scalp hair). They lived mostly in Europe and the Middle East, before and during the last ice age, about 100,000 years ago.
Modern humans may have evolved from some neanderthals between 50,000 and 30,000 years ago, or neanderthals died out 30,000 years ago. And man evolved from some homo erectus who lived in different areas to the neanderthals.
HOIVIO SAPIENS SAPIENS (Wise man)
The earliest fossils date to about 40,000 years ago for modern humans. So what has this got to do with baldness? Australopithecus had a brain size of 400 cubic Centimetres.
My theory to why man develops a bad blood supply to the scalp may have something to do with evolution.
Were humans brought to this earth fully formed, as told in the Bible? Do humans share an ancestor with apes?
I believe in the second theory.
The oldest fossil evidence shows fourteen million years ago Ramapithecus, looked like this (Figure A). Some people now think that they were more closely related to orang-utans than to any other apes.
Ramapithecus 14 million years ago was first found in india, and named after Rama, a Hindu god and Piteous, the Greek for monkey. Then we Came across a fossil gap. Fossils have not been found for the period between 8-4 million years ago. One such theory which is possible is that much of the land was covered in shallow seas and some apes might have adapted to their new habitat by taking to the water in search of food and shelter. This theory could explain why fossils found after the gap have features which humans do not share with other primates, such as little body hair, a layer of fat under the skin and breath control under water, all of which are very helpful when swimming.
Next Came AUSTRALOPITHECUS (“southern ape”). They Walked upright and used bones and stones as tools. They shared some features with gorillas and chimpanzees and it is thought that the split between apes and hominids happened now.
Next Came HOMO HABILIS (“handy man”). These early humans Walked upright and used tools to make other tools.
HOMO ERECTUS (“upright man”). Homo erectus probably first evolved in Africa and South East Asia, and then moved northwards to Europe and North Asia. The skull shape differs greatly in the different places where they have been found. This might be the result of evolution, or it may be because some of the specimens belong to a slightly different group.
HOMO SAPIENS NEANDERTHALENSIS
Neanderthals had larger brains than modern man, lived in shelters and caves, had some form of speech and conducted Ceremonies such as burying their dead. (l would say that it was about this time when man started to lose scalp hair). They lived mostly in Europe and the Middle East, before and during the last ice age, about 100,000 years ago.
Modern humans may have evolved from some neanderthals between 50,000 and 30,000 years ago, or neanderthals died out 30,000 years ago. And man evolved from some homo erectus who lived in different areas to the neanderthals.
HOIVIO SAPIENS SAPIENS (Wise man)
The earliest fossils date to about 40,000 years ago for modern humans. So what has this got to do with baldness? Australopithecus had a brain size of 400 cubic Centimetres.
DEVELOPMENT OF GRAVITATIONAL THEORY
DEVELOPMENT OF GRAVITATIONAL THEORY
EARLY CONCEPTS. The Classical Greek philosophers considered the motions of the celestial bodies and of objects on Earth as basically unrelated. The former was not Considered as gravitationally determined as the Celestial bodies Were seen to follow perpetually repeating, non descending trajectories in the sky. Aristotle envisioned such bodies as possessing ‘natural’ motions that did not require external causes or agents. ln this view celestial bodies underwent their own particular ‘natural’ motion, While massive earthly objects possessed a natural tendency to move towards the Earth’s centre. Two other Aristotelian viewpoints were that a body moving at constant speed required a continuous force acting on it and that force must be applied by contact rather than interaction or force at a distance. These views impeded understanding of the principles of motion and hence retarded the development of a theory of universal gravitation. During the 16th and early 17th Century however, several scientific contributions to the problem of earthly and Celestial motion set the stage for Newton’s gravitational theory.
We all| know that gravity exists, for instance the fountain pen being used to Write this would not Work if it were held upside down. It is my theory that gravity plays a part in reducing the supply of blood to the scalp.
Arteries, capillaries and veins are all designed differently, in order to perform their particular job in the Circulatory system. The heart squirts blood into large arteries at great pressure. The Walls of the artery must be thick enough to withstand these pressures. These blood vessels possess a certain amount of elasticity. if they were rigid tubes blood would flow along them during ventricular contractions.
When the heart squirts blood into the aorta, some of it forces the aorta to expand and some flows straight on towards the small arteries. Elastic recoil of the artery Wall then forces some blood along the artery, even when the heart is resting. Blood flow therefore becomes continuous, not stopping between each contraction of the ventricles. Smaller arteries have less elastic tissue in their Walls. They are regulators of blood flow and have a layer of muscle in their walls. The smallest muscular arteries are known as arterioles. As blood travels from the heart through the aorta up the external carotid artery, the temporal tract takes blood to the scalp as the blood enters the Capillary network of the scalp the blood pressure drops. The greatest drop in pressure occurs in the arterioles and capillaries, Where the diameter of the Vessels decrease and there is Very large resistance to flow.
To add to this red blood cells have to be folded in half or lay flat in order to squeeze through a capillary White blood Cells which digest germs are even bigger than red Cells but fewer in number (500 red to white) these also have to squeeze along the Capillary Wall. As blood goes further down the Capillary the pressure drops even more..'Thus the head is always in the upright position. Even when we sleep we prop our heads up with pillows. Blood is pumped from the heart upwards to the brain, face and scalp. But there are no main arteries in the scalp. Hair grows quite well on the sides and back where there are arteries and an abundant supply of blood.
Blood being pumped from the heart to nourish the hair papilla is being hindered by the force of gravity. But don’t worry because it is by the same force that We are going to correct the supply to the hair papilla. As blood travels up the main artery up to the side of the head, it enters the capillary network of the scalp. The blood that enters the capillary network is left to make its own way across the scalp, but let me try and explain by the means of a diagram what is happening.
The blood flow indicated with the larger arrows must travel quicker than that flowing in a more upward direction, in order for the blood to flow quicker you need more blood. So the majority of the blood is falling away to the side.
Feel your hair at the back and sides, you must notice that it is thicker than the top of your head. The reason being because it is getting a rich supply of blood.
Let me try and prove to you by the means of a simple experiment how gravity affects the blood flow of the human body Whilst you are reading this book stand up, take the book in your left hand and hold your right hand down by your pocket. Relax your hand and leave it there for thirty seconds, look at the veins in your right hand, by this time they must be standing out (full of blood). You should be able to see them quite clearly. Now while holding the book in your left hand raise your right hand to about eye level. Watch how quickly the blood runs back out of your hand, the veins almost disappear.
EARLY CONCEPTS. The Classical Greek philosophers considered the motions of the celestial bodies and of objects on Earth as basically unrelated. The former was not Considered as gravitationally determined as the Celestial bodies Were seen to follow perpetually repeating, non descending trajectories in the sky. Aristotle envisioned such bodies as possessing ‘natural’ motions that did not require external causes or agents. ln this view celestial bodies underwent their own particular ‘natural’ motion, While massive earthly objects possessed a natural tendency to move towards the Earth’s centre. Two other Aristotelian viewpoints were that a body moving at constant speed required a continuous force acting on it and that force must be applied by contact rather than interaction or force at a distance. These views impeded understanding of the principles of motion and hence retarded the development of a theory of universal gravitation. During the 16th and early 17th Century however, several scientific contributions to the problem of earthly and Celestial motion set the stage for Newton’s gravitational theory.
We all| know that gravity exists, for instance the fountain pen being used to Write this would not Work if it were held upside down. It is my theory that gravity plays a part in reducing the supply of blood to the scalp.
During ventricular relaxation blood pressure would drop to zero and blood would not flow at However, Continuous flow of blood in the large arteries is made possible by a layer of elastic tissues in the walls of the blood vessels (Figure 31).
When the heart squirts blood into the aorta, some of it forces the aorta to expand and some flows straight on towards the small arteries. Elastic recoil of the artery Wall then forces some blood along the artery, even when the heart is resting. Blood flow therefore becomes continuous, not stopping between each contraction of the ventricles. Smaller arteries have less elastic tissue in their Walls. They are regulators of blood flow and have a layer of muscle in their walls. The smallest muscular arteries are known as arterioles. As blood travels from the heart through the aorta up the external carotid artery, the temporal tract takes blood to the scalp as the blood enters the Capillary network of the scalp the blood pressure drops. The greatest drop in pressure occurs in the arterioles and capillaries, Where the diameter of the Vessels decrease and there is Very large resistance to flow.
To add to this red blood cells have to be folded in half or lay flat in order to squeeze through a capillary White blood Cells which digest germs are even bigger than red Cells but fewer in number (500 red to white) these also have to squeeze along the Capillary Wall. As blood goes further down the Capillary the pressure drops even more..'Thus the head is always in the upright position. Even when we sleep we prop our heads up with pillows. Blood is pumped from the heart upwards to the brain, face and scalp. But there are no main arteries in the scalp. Hair grows quite well on the sides and back where there are arteries and an abundant supply of blood.
Blood being pumped from the heart to nourish the hair papilla is being hindered by the force of gravity. But don’t worry because it is by the same force that We are going to correct the supply to the hair papilla. As blood travels up the main artery up to the side of the head, it enters the capillary network of the scalp. The blood that enters the capillary network is left to make its own way across the scalp, but let me try and explain by the means of a diagram what is happening.
The blood flow indicated with the larger arrows must travel quicker than that flowing in a more upward direction, in order for the blood to flow quicker you need more blood. So the majority of the blood is falling away to the side.
Feel your hair at the back and sides, you must notice that it is thicker than the top of your head. The reason being because it is getting a rich supply of blood.
Let me try and prove to you by the means of a simple experiment how gravity affects the blood flow of the human body Whilst you are reading this book stand up, take the book in your left hand and hold your right hand down by your pocket. Relax your hand and leave it there for thirty seconds, look at the veins in your right hand, by this time they must be standing out (full of blood). You should be able to see them quite clearly. Now while holding the book in your left hand raise your right hand to about eye level. Watch how quickly the blood runs back out of your hand, the veins almost disappear.
HORMONES - MESSENGERS IN THE BLOOD
Hormones
lt is easy for an “expert” to claim at the outset that he knows that the solution lies in a particular direction. It becomes progressively more difficult to defend this position if circumstances do not develop as expected. The expert then becomes so obsessed With self preservation, that he refuses to Consider any ideas or suggestions which lie outside his narrow-minded vision. His mental efforts are then Concentrated on trying to save face rather than trying to solve the problem. A negative attitude then develops as he attempts to destroy any suggestions made by “non-experts? and pays less attention to the Search for a solution.
HORMONES - MESSENGERS IN THE BLOOD
The Word Hormone was coined from the greek Word for “excite” in 1905.
Not to long ago, scientists believed that there were about 40 hormones. Today, they Count 100 or more, and tomorrow, the total may be even higher, because researchers keep finding new ones. It is already known that the digestive system manufactures at least five hormones. The ovaries secrete half a dozen different oestrogen. The pituitary and the hypothalamus together produce some 16 hormones to various types, and the adrenals at least 30 steroid hormones.
The role of hormones is to send important messages to the brain and back to many parts of the body. These important messages are Carried partly by nerves and partly by Chemicals in the blood (hormones). They look after many things that happen in our bodies. They help control the beating of the heart, the help Control digestion. They control the rate at which We grow.
It is said by the age of 40, 25 per cent of Women have developed some thinning and recession, and by 50, 50 per Cent have had some hair loss.
But it is much more Common amongst men.
it is estimated that one in five men will go bald soon after Adolescence, and be very bald by the time he is thirty.
Another one in five will maintain quite a good head of hair, Whereas the other three will lose their hair more gradually.
This usually starts at about the age of 25.
The main reason for this is said to be the male sex hormones Called androgens. | disagree with the hormone theory, but agree it may be partly to blame. From now on I am going to refer to baldness as a poor blood supply to the scalp and tell you how the hormones diminish the blood supply to the scalp.
It is said that one in five go bald soon after adolescence, (the period in human development that occurs between the beginning of puberty and adulthood).
Puberty is the point when the reproductive organs mature, and a person becomes capable of reproducing, roughly between the ages of eleven and fifteen in girls and thirteen and fifteen in boys. It involves a number of significant changes, all stimulated by hormones.
Changes at puberty in the male are: FACIAL HAIR APPEARS, follicles in the skin present at birth are stimulated with blood.
The larynx enlarges, voice gets deeper, shoulders and chest broaden, the Whole body becomes more muscular. There is a sudden growth spurt. Also the penis enlarges and the testes begin to produce sperm.
Testosterone is also produced in men by the testicles, and other, similar androgens to a much lesser extent in both men and Women by the adrenal glands on top of each kidney.
But it is the facial hair that APPEARS that fascinates me. Hormones which act as a stimulus produces GROWTH of facial hair in 100% of all males at puberty. Yet if hormones are the cause of baldness Why do only 20% of males start to go bald at puberty.
At puberty testosterone is secreted by the testes. This then goes into the bloodstream and takes messages to the brain. The brain then diverts blood to the hair.
lt is easy for an “expert” to claim at the outset that he knows that the solution lies in a particular direction. It becomes progressively more difficult to defend this position if circumstances do not develop as expected. The expert then becomes so obsessed With self preservation, that he refuses to Consider any ideas or suggestions which lie outside his narrow-minded vision. His mental efforts are then Concentrated on trying to save face rather than trying to solve the problem. A negative attitude then develops as he attempts to destroy any suggestions made by “non-experts? and pays less attention to the Search for a solution.
HORMONES - MESSENGERS IN THE BLOOD
The Word Hormone was coined from the greek Word for “excite” in 1905.
Not to long ago, scientists believed that there were about 40 hormones. Today, they Count 100 or more, and tomorrow, the total may be even higher, because researchers keep finding new ones. It is already known that the digestive system manufactures at least five hormones. The ovaries secrete half a dozen different oestrogen. The pituitary and the hypothalamus together produce some 16 hormones to various types, and the adrenals at least 30 steroid hormones.
The role of hormones is to send important messages to the brain and back to many parts of the body. These important messages are Carried partly by nerves and partly by Chemicals in the blood (hormones). They look after many things that happen in our bodies. They help control the beating of the heart, the help Control digestion. They control the rate at which We grow.
It is said by the age of 40, 25 per cent of Women have developed some thinning and recession, and by 50, 50 per Cent have had some hair loss.
But it is much more Common amongst men.
it is estimated that one in five men will go bald soon after Adolescence, and be very bald by the time he is thirty.
Another one in five will maintain quite a good head of hair, Whereas the other three will lose their hair more gradually.
This usually starts at about the age of 25.
The main reason for this is said to be the male sex hormones Called androgens. | disagree with the hormone theory, but agree it may be partly to blame. From now on I am going to refer to baldness as a poor blood supply to the scalp and tell you how the hormones diminish the blood supply to the scalp.
It is said that one in five go bald soon after adolescence, (the period in human development that occurs between the beginning of puberty and adulthood).
Puberty is the point when the reproductive organs mature, and a person becomes capable of reproducing, roughly between the ages of eleven and fifteen in girls and thirteen and fifteen in boys. It involves a number of significant changes, all stimulated by hormones.
Changes at puberty in the male are: FACIAL HAIR APPEARS, follicles in the skin present at birth are stimulated with blood.
The larynx enlarges, voice gets deeper, shoulders and chest broaden, the Whole body becomes more muscular. There is a sudden growth spurt. Also the penis enlarges and the testes begin to produce sperm.
Testosterone is also produced in men by the testicles, and other, similar androgens to a much lesser extent in both men and Women by the adrenal glands on top of each kidney.
But it is the facial hair that APPEARS that fascinates me. Hormones which act as a stimulus produces GROWTH of facial hair in 100% of all males at puberty. Yet if hormones are the cause of baldness Why do only 20% of males start to go bald at puberty.
My theory for the percentage of males Who start to go bald after adolescence may Well be hormones. The same hormones (androgens) which made the facial hair appear. Let me explain how these sex hormones Work.
Follicles in the face (which have been present since birth) and facial hair appears. As hormones increase the supply of blood to the hair follicles of the face. The blood supply to the to|o of the scalp is reduced, thus causing hair loss. Also establishing why males go bald more than females.
You can see these sex hormones Causing the brain to divert blood around the body in a man, when he gets an erection, the penis fills with blood.
Although the skin is only one of the body’s major organs it sets up an enormous demand for blood, and is allocated 50 and 65% of the body’s total supply. Moreover the scalp has the most intricate network of capillary, indicating that compared with other parts of the body it has the greatest need and appetite for blood. The hair papilla is one of the most rapidly metabolising of the body’s organs (hair grows Constantly) it maintains an extremely high rate of activity and Consequently must be supplied with large quantities of food and oxygen. The hair papilla must be engorged with blood it they are to create new life by producing the cells needed for the growth of hair. If the blood supply is reduced in any Way, the papilla will fail to generate proper replacement hair.
SO HOW DOES STRESS PLAY A ROLE IN BALDNESS?
SO HOW DOES STRESS PLAY A ROLE IN BALDNESS?
As you have just read, under stress the blood system is affected as the body responds to the challenge. Blood is diverted away from the skin and stomach. In the diagram the direction of blood flow in the scalp of a healthy human being with a full head of hair.
As the blood enters the capillary network of the scalp, the blood communicates freely with each other across midline and thus able to establish an effective collateral circulation. The blood goes through the capillary network, nourishing the hair papilla making the hair grow.
When the body is aroused to stress, blood is diverted away from the skin to the limbs to power them for action. The blood supply to the brain is also increased for faster co-ordination, so you have a change in blood flow
As blood is quickly diverted to the brain and limbs, the highest point of the head or the male pattern baldness region is getting very little supply of blood. Remember there are no main arteries in the region only capillaries.
You might find this interesting. A Capillary is only one blood cell wide. A pinhead or a Cubic millimetre of blood Contains five million (5,000,000) blood Cells, so you can imagine just how small these diminutive blood vessels are. Also Whilst under stress the blood is more likely to clot, at this stage the flow in the Capillary network of the scalp is very slow it it is flowing at all. It is my theory that the blood clots in the male pattern baldness region, resulting in the hair not getting any nourishment at all. It is also my theory that parts of the scalp left over a period of time not receiving enough blood to nourish the skin and hair papilla causes the papilla to die. This stops the production of the hair shaft which is what We Want to see. As the body goes back to normal the blood supply to the scalp is not as strong.
Baldness is caused by the impaired circulation of the blood to the scalp. The scalp contains the most complex network of capillaries found in the body and this sets up the greatest demand for blood. At the same time the temples, front and top of the scalp are the hardest places for the blood to reach. Since it has to defy the force of gravity to get there.
As you have just read, under stress the blood system is affected as the body responds to the challenge. Blood is diverted away from the skin and stomach. In the diagram the direction of blood flow in the scalp of a healthy human being with a full head of hair.
As the blood enters the capillary network of the scalp, the blood communicates freely with each other across midline and thus able to establish an effective collateral circulation. The blood goes through the capillary network, nourishing the hair papilla making the hair grow.
When the body is aroused to stress, blood is diverted away from the skin to the limbs to power them for action. The blood supply to the brain is also increased for faster co-ordination, so you have a change in blood flow
As blood is quickly diverted to the brain and limbs, the highest point of the head or the male pattern baldness region is getting very little supply of blood. Remember there are no main arteries in the region only capillaries.
You might find this interesting. A Capillary is only one blood cell wide. A pinhead or a Cubic millimetre of blood Contains five million (5,000,000) blood Cells, so you can imagine just how small these diminutive blood vessels are. Also Whilst under stress the blood is more likely to clot, at this stage the flow in the Capillary network of the scalp is very slow it it is flowing at all. It is my theory that the blood clots in the male pattern baldness region, resulting in the hair not getting any nourishment at all. It is also my theory that parts of the scalp left over a period of time not receiving enough blood to nourish the skin and hair papilla causes the papilla to die. This stops the production of the hair shaft which is what We Want to see. As the body goes back to normal the blood supply to the scalp is not as strong.
Baldness is caused by the impaired circulation of the blood to the scalp. The scalp contains the most complex network of capillaries found in the body and this sets up the greatest demand for blood. At the same time the temples, front and top of the scalp are the hardest places for the blood to reach. Since it has to defy the force of gravity to get there.
THE BODY UNDER STRESS.
THE BODY UNDER STRESS.
The initial stage of arousal remains the same, Whether you are faced with a major problem or a minor Challenge. But under extreme prolonged or persistent pressure the body continues to manufacture extra quantities of stress chemicals triggering further processes to maintain energy. if arousal continues the adrenaline glands manufacture anti-inflammatory chemicals that simultaneously speed tissue repair While depressing the body’s immune defence system. If ail the changes continue, the body goes on trying to adapt under increasing strain and pressure. Eventually it breaks down. Exhaustion, a variety of illnesses and even death may be the outcome of uninterrupted excessive stress.
The initial stage of arousal remains the same, Whether you are faced with a major problem or a minor Challenge. But under extreme prolonged or persistent pressure the body continues to manufacture extra quantities of stress chemicals triggering further processes to maintain energy. if arousal continues the adrenaline glands manufacture anti-inflammatory chemicals that simultaneously speed tissue repair While depressing the body’s immune defence system. If ail the changes continue, the body goes on trying to adapt under increasing strain and pressure. Eventually it breaks down. Exhaustion, a variety of illnesses and even death may be the outcome of uninterrupted excessive stress.
KIDNEYS, INTESTINE AND BLADDER
KIDNEYS, INTESTINE AND BLADDER
Their function is stopped so fluid drainage from the kidneys is interfered with. The muscles at the opening of the bladder and anus are relaxed, often with embarrassing Consequences.
Because the automatic nervous system cannot differentiate between the various sources of arousal to which We are subjected, so our body’s response is identical Whether We are faced with traffic jam or being chased by a mad bull. The fight or flight response to stress is perfectly healthy provided it is merited in the first place and We can use up the energy it Creates, as We would by running away from the mad bull. But when it is inappropriate or kept up for too long it may start to generate harmful stress and nervous tension. When this happens what started as a normal and positive set of reflexes assisting a healthy bodily function instead becomes unhealthy and counterproductive. If it continues to happen over a long period of time, it can become a cause of serious illness. Recent research into the interaction between body and mind shows that We may place our bodies on stress alert quite unconsciously because of our psychological and emotional attitudes to stress. Anticipatory emotions like impatience, anger, anxiety and fear can produce the same nerve impulse and chemical reactions as being faced with a real challenge. The hypothalamus (a neutral control centre at the base of the brain) is tuned to incoming messages from various parts of the brain. So it continues to prepare the body for action even if the action never takes place, allowing undischarged stress chemicals and muscular tension to build up. In addition if you are a stress “addict” hooked on your own levels of stress chemicals such a noradrenalin feeling “high” and energetic may cause you unconsciously to seek further sources of arousal.
Their function is stopped so fluid drainage from the kidneys is interfered with. The muscles at the opening of the bladder and anus are relaxed, often with embarrassing Consequences.
Because the automatic nervous system cannot differentiate between the various sources of arousal to which We are subjected, so our body’s response is identical Whether We are faced with traffic jam or being chased by a mad bull. The fight or flight response to stress is perfectly healthy provided it is merited in the first place and We can use up the energy it Creates, as We would by running away from the mad bull. But when it is inappropriate or kept up for too long it may start to generate harmful stress and nervous tension. When this happens what started as a normal and positive set of reflexes assisting a healthy bodily function instead becomes unhealthy and counterproductive. If it continues to happen over a long period of time, it can become a cause of serious illness. Recent research into the interaction between body and mind shows that We may place our bodies on stress alert quite unconsciously because of our psychological and emotional attitudes to stress. Anticipatory emotions like impatience, anger, anxiety and fear can produce the same nerve impulse and chemical reactions as being faced with a real challenge. The hypothalamus (a neutral control centre at the base of the brain) is tuned to incoming messages from various parts of the brain. So it continues to prepare the body for action even if the action never takes place, allowing undischarged stress chemicals and muscular tension to build up. In addition if you are a stress “addict” hooked on your own levels of stress chemicals such a noradrenalin feeling “high” and energetic may cause you unconsciously to seek further sources of arousal.
The fight or flight response diminishes as the source of stress is removed or resolved. So when faced with a stressful situation We must either use up the energy Created by the fight or flight response, or learn how to “switch off” the response using a Conscious relaxation technique. Only then can the body relax again, as the heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen Consumption and muscle tension all drop to their normal levels, and new blood flows to the muscles and the inner organs and the s_kigwitn this switch from arousal to relaxation the organs of the body can regenerate and function normally once more.
Finding a Way of using up accumulated energy is usually a good Way to banish tension. There are several Ways of banishing tension. Get a lump of wood_,a few nails and a hammer. Knocking the nails into the Wood violently helps to drive away tension. Another good Way of banishing tension is skipping. Get yourself a piece of rope about 7 feet long and skip fast for a couple of minutes. | myself bought a punch bag, another good Way of banishing tension
HEART
Here a complex chain reaction of nerve and chemical impulses activate the sympathetic branch of the automatic nervous system, which results in a number of changes throughout the body.
This activating system and the chemical system, acting together, provide us with the power and energy and speed to escape from the most lite threatening situations, Where survival depends on speed. The full pattern of what happens in the body and brain are shown here.
HEART The heart rate is increased giving a faster heart beat.
BLOOD VESSELS
There is a mechanism which makes the blood clot, so that when you are injured you do not lose all your blood. This clotting facility is increased under stress.
CIRCULATION This is increased to the brain for faster coordination. It is also increased to the limbs to power them for action.
LUNGS These are stimulated to make breathing faster and to quicken the oxygenation of the blood.
LIVER This releases sugar stores for quick energy.
STOMACH Digestion is stopped as blood is diverted away from the skin and stomach to the limbs to power them for action.
This activating system and the chemical system, acting together, provide us with the power and energy and speed to escape from the most lite threatening situations, Where survival depends on speed. The full pattern of what happens in the body and brain are shown here.
HEART The heart rate is increased giving a faster heart beat.
BLOOD VESSELS
There is a mechanism which makes the blood clot, so that when you are injured you do not lose all your blood. This clotting facility is increased under stress.
CIRCULATION This is increased to the brain for faster coordination. It is also increased to the limbs to power them for action.
LUNGS These are stimulated to make breathing faster and to quicken the oxygenation of the blood.
LIVER This releases sugar stores for quick energy.
STOMACH Digestion is stopped as blood is diverted away from the skin and stomach to the limbs to power them for action.
Stress
Stress has been with us just as long as baldness. Picture on cave Walls show us that the early Caveman went bald the same as modern day man. Everyday we take tasks at home, in Work even at play. Usual demands are put on our minds and bodies. Stress has never really been defined satisfactorily. Stress is a mental, emotional and physical strain. It is a state of arousal with which the body responds to such demands. We cannot live without stress, since We face these challenges all the time and no matter how diverse the sources and variable the levels of stress We experience, the mechanism that registers arousal and helps us cope with all the Challenges that We face is shared by the entire human race. Our response to Challenge is prompt, speedy and efficient. When we first become aware of a challenge a chain of automatic bodily processes provide an instant surge of energy and strength, effectively preparing us to fight or flee.
Earlier in our evolutionary history our ability to make use of this tight or flight response meant the difference between life or death.
Stress may be generated by a number of things, death of a spouse, divorce, imprisonment, marriage, getting the sack, diet, iii health, financial insecurity as well as through many major life events.
The Fight or Flight Response
The body’s answer to challenge or danger consists of a complex chain of bodily and biochemical changes involving the interaction of the brain, nervous system and a variety of different hormones. As a result of this the body goes on full alert. Whether We are faced with a life threatening situation or Whether We are about to run a race. We all have available energy to respond to the challenge. In response to stress chemicals such as adrenalin, increased blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen intake and blood flow diverted to the muscles, combine to provide us with the strength and energy and clear thinking if we are to give our best.
Other parts of the body are also affected by the response. The digestive system shuts down. The skin sweats and the muscles tense up in preparation for action.
The heart and blood vessel play a major role in arousal, so the arousal level can be gauged by measuring the heart beat. A tit man With a healthy resting heart rate of around 62 to 76 beats per minute Could find his maximum heart rate rapidly rising and levelling out at 200 to 220 beats per minute. When the sympathetic branch of his nervous system takes over allowing all organs to relax and regenerate, and the heart rate returns to normal. The lower the heart's resting rate the more efficiently it can cope with the extra demands. The body’s response, arousal, is triggered initially in the hypothalamus (a tiny cluster of cells at the base of the brain) which controls all' automatic body functions.
Earlier in our evolutionary history our ability to make use of this tight or flight response meant the difference between life or death.
Stress may be generated by a number of things, death of a spouse, divorce, imprisonment, marriage, getting the sack, diet, iii health, financial insecurity as well as through many major life events.
The Fight or Flight Response
The body’s answer to challenge or danger consists of a complex chain of bodily and biochemical changes involving the interaction of the brain, nervous system and a variety of different hormones. As a result of this the body goes on full alert. Whether We are faced with a life threatening situation or Whether We are about to run a race. We all have available energy to respond to the challenge. In response to stress chemicals such as adrenalin, increased blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen intake and blood flow diverted to the muscles, combine to provide us with the strength and energy and clear thinking if we are to give our best.
Other parts of the body are also affected by the response. The digestive system shuts down. The skin sweats and the muscles tense up in preparation for action.
The heart and blood vessel play a major role in arousal, so the arousal level can be gauged by measuring the heart beat. A tit man With a healthy resting heart rate of around 62 to 76 beats per minute Could find his maximum heart rate rapidly rising and levelling out at 200 to 220 beats per minute. When the sympathetic branch of his nervous system takes over allowing all organs to relax and regenerate, and the heart rate returns to normal. The lower the heart's resting rate the more efficiently it can cope with the extra demands. The body’s response, arousal, is triggered initially in the hypothalamus (a tiny cluster of cells at the base of the brain) which controls all' automatic body functions.
What is Baldness or Balding?
Many young men who have already lost or began to lose their hair may consider this a pointless question. They are too unhappy about their thinning hair to care much about what causes it. For although baldness is not a physical disability, most men find it depressing because they think it detracts from the appearance, as l certainly did.
It is said that baldness is connected to the male hormones Called androgens. One hair loss advisory Clinic Claims the Cause is influenced by a male hormone, a derivative of testosterone known as dihydrotestosterone. I myself do not believe it has anything to do With hormones, as it is only scalp hair that is lost. l have never met or even seen anyone who is going bald at the side of their head. Neither have l ever witnessed someone who has lost an eyebrow. Only in cases of alopecia where all of the scalp hair is lost, but in cases of alopecia it does eventually grow back. l have never met anyone whose pubic hair has fallen out. It does sound funny that these hormones which are carried all around the body in the blood stream only Work on the top of your head. Baldness is not related to frequent washing or Wearing of hats. Most people start to wear hats after the balding process has already started to Cover up their baldness.
Baldness is referred to as male pattern baldness. Yet different people start balding in different areas, some start at the crown others at the temples. In some Cases both the crown and temples together. The only pattern I can see is the end result of people who have gone very bald.
My Theory To what causes baldness is a poor supply of blood to the capillary network in the scalp. This can be Caused by a number of things stress, hormones, or gravity. As we have just seen in Figure 21 there are different patterns of balding or baldness. Where you can also see the arterial supply to the face and scalp. Even in the most extreme case of male pattern baldness hair is retained at the back and sides where the blood supply is abundant except in cases of alopecia.
Called male pattern baldness, yet it is not only defined to men. Women lose hair as they age. By the age of 40, 25 per cent of women have developed some thinning and recession and by fifty, fifty per cent have had some hair loss. As you will see women also only lose hair in the male pattern baldness region.
It is said that baldness is connected to the male hormones Called androgens. One hair loss advisory Clinic Claims the Cause is influenced by a male hormone, a derivative of testosterone known as dihydrotestosterone. I myself do not believe it has anything to do With hormones, as it is only scalp hair that is lost. l have never met or even seen anyone who is going bald at the side of their head. Neither have l ever witnessed someone who has lost an eyebrow. Only in cases of alopecia where all of the scalp hair is lost, but in cases of alopecia it does eventually grow back. l have never met anyone whose pubic hair has fallen out. It does sound funny that these hormones which are carried all around the body in the blood stream only Work on the top of your head. Baldness is not related to frequent washing or Wearing of hats. Most people start to wear hats after the balding process has already started to Cover up their baldness.
Baldness is referred to as male pattern baldness. Yet different people start balding in different areas, some start at the crown others at the temples. In some Cases both the crown and temples together. The only pattern I can see is the end result of people who have gone very bald.
My Theory To what causes baldness is a poor supply of blood to the capillary network in the scalp. This can be Caused by a number of things stress, hormones, or gravity. As we have just seen in Figure 21 there are different patterns of balding or baldness. Where you can also see the arterial supply to the face and scalp. Even in the most extreme case of male pattern baldness hair is retained at the back and sides where the blood supply is abundant except in cases of alopecia.
Called male pattern baldness, yet it is not only defined to men. Women lose hair as they age. By the age of 40, 25 per cent of women have developed some thinning and recession and by fifty, fifty per cent have had some hair loss. As you will see women also only lose hair in the male pattern baldness region.
THE BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE HAIR PAPILLA
The facial artery, a branch of the external carotid artery, enters the race by curling round the body of the lower jawbone, just anterior to the cheek muscles. From this point it makes a tortuous Course past the angle of the mouth to the medial angle of the palpebral fissure of the eye. Near the angle of the mouth it gives off a superior and inferior labial branch which communicates directly with those of the opposite side across the midline.
The superficial temporal artery, a terminal branch of the external Carotid artery, supplies the temple and the scalp and by the transverse facial artery the Cheek. The forehead and front part of the scalp are supplied by the supraorbital and the supratrochlear arteries, both branches of the ophthalmic artery which is itself a branch of the internal carotid artery. The posterior part of the scalp is supplied by two further branches of the external carotid artery These are the posterior auricular f and occipital arteries. The course and distribution of these vessels are illustrated. These vessels supplying the face and scalp communicate freely with each other across the midline and are thus able to establish an effective Collateral Circulation following obstruction or ligation before the external carotid artery.
The lymphatic drainage of the face and scalp
The face and scalp are surrounded by a ring of regional lymph nodes into which the adjacent superfacial tissues drain. The nodes of this ring in turn drain into the deep cervical lymph nodes, that are distributed over the Course of the internal jugular vein.
The regional nodes are illustrated in Figure 20, where the following groups can be identified: occipital, mastoid, superfacial Cervical nodes, parotid, submandibular, and the submental nodes.
Vessels from the scalp and ear, and temporal region drain into the mastoid, occipital, superfacial, cervical and the parotid nodes.
THE HEART.
The heart is a hollow muscular organ, which acts as a pump circulating blood through the blood vessels by the contraction of heart muscles. The contraction of the heart beat takes place about 70 to 80 times a minute, but the rate is increased by exercise and excitement.
The heart is divided into left and right sides by a central partition. There is no connection between the two sides and each halt acts as a separate pump. The right side contains de-oxygenated blood and the left side oxygenated blood. Each side is divided into cavities, thin walled upper cavities called (AURICLES) and thick walled lower cavities called VENTRICLES. Each atrium opens into the ventricle below it, the opening containing a valve which allows blood to flow in one direction only from atrium to ventricle. The two atriums contract together forcing blood into the ventricles. Contraction of the ventricles then forces blood into the large arteries through which it leaves the heart. Pocket-like semilunar valves in the inner walls of the arteries prevent the flow of blood back into the heart. THE CIRCULATION OF BLOOD De-oxygenated blood from all parts of the body flows through the Veins into the right atrium. This blood Contains Carbon-dioxide and also digested food which has entered the blood from the small intestine.
The contraction of the right atrium forces the blood through the valve into the right ventricle, which in turn contracts, driving the blood through the pulmonary artery into the lungs. There carbon dioxide leaves the blood and oxygen enters. The oxygenated blood still containing digested food returns to the left atrium, forces blood into the left ventricle, from here it is pumped into the main artery. The AORTA, which has branches to all parts of the body including the skin and hair follicles. In the capillary network of the body tissues oxygen and food are transformed to the cells and waste carbon dioxide enters the blood to be returned to the heart.
THERE IS DOUBLE CIRCULATION
1 ) The pulmonary Circulation, from right ventricle to lungs and back to the left atrium.
Heart-Lungs-Heart.
2) The systemic circulation, from left ventricle to the body tissues eg. hair papilla and back to the right atrium.
Heart-Body Tissues-Heart.
THE BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE HEAD
Soon after leaving the heart, the aorta branches to supply the arms and head. The two common carotid arteries, which supply the head run up through the neck, one along each side of the windpipe. At about the level of the adams apple they divide into an internal and an external branch. The internal carotid arteries pass through openings in the temporal bones of the skull, to take blood to the brain.
The external carotid arteries remain outside the skull and continue one along each side of the head. Branching to supply the muscles and skin of the face and scalp.
The temporal branch takes blood to the scalp. It divides into capillaries in the skin of the scalp and supplies blood to the hair follicles. These capillaries join to form the temporal branch of the jugular vein, which takes de-oxygenated blood from the head to the heart.
The blood supply to the face and scalp is largely provided by the branches of the external carotid artery, however, branches of the ophthalmic branch of the internal carotid artery supply the scalp, forehead, upper lip and nose.
The facial artery, a branch of the external carotid artery, enters the race by curling round the body of the lower jawbone, just anterior to the cheek muscles. From this point it makes a tortuous course past the angle of the mouth to the medial angle of the palpebral fissure of the eye. Near the angle of the mouth it gives off a superior and inferior labial branch which communicates directly with those of the opposite side across the midline.
The superficial temporal artery, a terminal branch of the external carotid artery, supplies the temple and the scalp and by the transverse facial artery the cheek. The forehead and front part of the scalp are supplied by the supraorbital and the supratrochlear arteries, both branches of the ophthalmic artery which is itself a branch of the internal carotid artery. The posterior part of the scalp is supplied by two further branches of the external carotid artery these are the posterior auricular f and occipital arteries. The course and distribution of these vessels are illustrated. These vessels supplying the face and scalp communicate freely with each other across the midline and are thus able to establish an effective collateral circulation following obstruction or ligation before the external carotid artery.
The heart is divided into left and right sides by a central partition. There is no connection between the two sides and each halt acts as a separate pump. The right side contains de-oxygenated blood and the left side oxygenated blood. Each side is divided into cavities, thin walled upper cavities called (AURICLES) and thick walled lower cavities called VENTRICLES. Each atrium opens into the ventricle below it, the opening containing a valve which allows blood to flow in one direction only from atrium to ventricle. The two atriums contract together forcing blood into the ventricles. Contraction of the ventricles then forces blood into the large arteries through which it leaves the heart. Pocket-like semilunar valves in the inner walls of the arteries prevent the flow of blood back into the heart. THE CIRCULATION OF BLOOD De-oxygenated blood from all parts of the body flows through the Veins into the right atrium. This blood Contains Carbon-dioxide and also digested food which has entered the blood from the small intestine.
The contraction of the right atrium forces the blood through the valve into the right ventricle, which in turn contracts, driving the blood through the pulmonary artery into the lungs. There carbon dioxide leaves the blood and oxygen enters. The oxygenated blood still containing digested food returns to the left atrium, forces blood into the left ventricle, from here it is pumped into the main artery. The AORTA, which has branches to all parts of the body including the skin and hair follicles. In the capillary network of the body tissues oxygen and food are transformed to the cells and waste carbon dioxide enters the blood to be returned to the heart.
THERE IS DOUBLE CIRCULATION
1 ) The pulmonary Circulation, from right ventricle to lungs and back to the left atrium.
Heart-Lungs-Heart.
2) The systemic circulation, from left ventricle to the body tissues eg. hair papilla and back to the right atrium.
Heart-Body Tissues-Heart.
THE BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE HEAD
Soon after leaving the heart, the aorta branches to supply the arms and head. The two common carotid arteries, which supply the head run up through the neck, one along each side of the windpipe. At about the level of the adams apple they divide into an internal and an external branch. The internal carotid arteries pass through openings in the temporal bones of the skull, to take blood to the brain.The external carotid arteries remain outside the skull and continue one along each side of the head. Branching to supply the muscles and skin of the face and scalp.
The temporal branch takes blood to the scalp. It divides into capillaries in the skin of the scalp and supplies blood to the hair follicles. These capillaries join to form the temporal branch of the jugular vein, which takes de-oxygenated blood from the head to the heart.
The blood supply to the face and scalp is largely provided by the branches of the external carotid artery, however, branches of the ophthalmic branch of the internal carotid artery supply the scalp, forehead, upper lip and nose.
The facial artery, a branch of the external carotid artery, enters the race by curling round the body of the lower jawbone, just anterior to the cheek muscles. From this point it makes a tortuous course past the angle of the mouth to the medial angle of the palpebral fissure of the eye. Near the angle of the mouth it gives off a superior and inferior labial branch which communicates directly with those of the opposite side across the midline.
The superficial temporal artery, a terminal branch of the external carotid artery, supplies the temple and the scalp and by the transverse facial artery the cheek. The forehead and front part of the scalp are supplied by the supraorbital and the supratrochlear arteries, both branches of the ophthalmic artery which is itself a branch of the internal carotid artery. The posterior part of the scalp is supplied by two further branches of the external carotid artery these are the posterior auricular f and occipital arteries. The course and distribution of these vessels are illustrated. These vessels supplying the face and scalp communicate freely with each other across the midline and are thus able to establish an effective collateral circulation following obstruction or ligation before the external carotid artery.
THE BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Digested food and oxygen are carried to the body cells eg. hair papilla in the blood which is enclosed in a series of tubes called blood VESSELS. Blood is circulated through the vessels by the pumping of the heart. THE BLOOD, BLOOD VESSELS AND HEART from the circulatory system.
Blood travels around the body in tubes called vessels. Vessels carrying blood away from the heart are called ARTERIES. Whilst those returning blood to the heart are called VEINS. In order to reach every cell of the body, the blood carried down finer and finer arteries called ARTERIOLES, until the tubes become so fine their walls are only cell thick. There microscopic vessels exist in almost every tissue of the body and are called CAPILLARIES.
Blood consists of a watery liquid called PLASMA which contains a large number of red cells and a smaller number of white cells and fragmented cells known as platelets. The products of digestion are thus carried in solution in the blood plasma. Oxygen is carried as Ox-haemoglobin in red blood cells.
There are four main parts of blood PLASMA the liquid part of blood, which is a thin yellowish watery liquid. The function to transport dissolved substances including digested food hormones, waste products such as carbon dioxide and urea (urea is formed in the liver from amino acids and is later excreted in the urine by the kidneys). Also carries red and white blood cells and blood platelets. RED CELLS, small bio-concave cells with no nuclei, live only three to four months. Are made in bone marrow, contain haemoglobin, a compound of protein and iron which makes red cells. These red cells Carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Oxygen combines with the haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin, which easily gives up oxygen in the tissues.
WHITE CELLS larger than red cells, but fewer in number (five hundred to one White), white cells fight infection. The Cells pour through the wall of the capillaries, to reach germs in tissues, they surround bacteria and digest them. PLATELETS, fragments of cells with no nuclei. These help the clarity of blood.
We have learnt that a supply of oxygen is essential for the life of every living cell, as it is there that internal respiration and the release of energy occur.
Oxygen is taken into the body through the respiratory surface, which in the human body is the inner surface of the lungs. It is one of the functions of the blood to transport oxygen from the lungs to the other living cells of the body. The oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, is increased enormously by the presence of a pigment Called haemoglobin in the red cells. Because of this substance our blood can carry about fifty times the amount of oxygen that it could without it.
In the lungs, Where oxygen is abundant, the haemoglobin combines with oxygen to form a compound known as oxyhaemoglobin. Whilst ordinary(or reduced)haemoglobin is bluish red in colour, oxyhaemoglobin is bright scarlet. It follows therefore, that the blood leaving the lungs will be brighter red than that arriving. In the tissues oxygen is in low concentration for it is constantly being consumed in cellular respiration. Here the oxyhaemoglobin breaks down releasing oxygen for the use of the cell and returning to reduced haemoglobin. The latter will pick up more oxygen when the red cell, which carried it, arrives again in the lungs. The body demand for oxygen is high, in order to meet this demand, the number of red cells is very large and one cubic millimetre of blood (about the size of a pinhead) contains about five million red cells. Since an average person has some five million cubic millimetres of blood, you can see the total number of red cells (about 250,000,000,000) is very large indeed. Red cells have a life of about 120 days and about one million are disposed of every second, mainly by the spleen. New cells are formed in red bone marrow from cells which initially possess a nucleus and have no haemoglobin and eject the nucleus. The spleen acts as a store for red cells, as well as disposing of them. During prolonged exercise, such as a long run, the spleen contracts and discharges red cells into the bloodstream. Increasing the total blood volume by as much as 25%.
Capillaries are only one cell wide so you can imagine how small these microscopic blood vessels are. We have one going to every hair on our bodies.
RESPIRATION AND HAIR
Respiration is frequently confused with the process of breathing. Respiration is in fact concerned with the liberation of energy, which is so vital to the body. Whilst breathing is the process of filling and emptying the lungs to bring air into contact with the blood. Energy is obtained from food which contains complex chemicals, such as glucose. The glucose molecule contains atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen held together by chemical bonds. Energy is required for the formation of these chemical bonds and when broken energy is released.
RESPIRATION IS AN OXIDATION PROCESS, which occurs in a living cell. Oxygen is usually necessary for the process. Oxygen we need to oxidise glucose in the body cells is obtained from the air during breathing. This rhythmic process normally takes place about sixteen to seventeen times a minute. Air is forced through the air passage in the head and so into the lungs by atmospheric pressure when the chest increases in volume. This increase is brought about by the lowering of the diaphragm due to the contractions of the diaphragm muscles and by the upward and outward movement of the ribs due to the contraction of the intercostal muscles between the ribs. The air in the lungs is forced out of the body, when the volume of the chest decreases, due to the relaxation of the diaphragm muscles. So raising the diaphragm and the relaxation of the intercostal muscles which lowers the ribs.
The alternate contraction and relaxation of these muscles is controlled by messages from the brain, sent along nerves to the muscles. The lungs themselves contain a series of finely branching tubes each ending in a small group of air sacs called ALVEOLI. The walls of the air sacs are very thin and are surrounded by a network of fine blood capillaries. It is here that oxygen from the air in the lungs passes through the alveoli walls into the blood. At the same time carbon dioxide, the waste product of the oxidation of glucose in the body cells passes from the bloodstream into the air sacs and breathed out. The exchange of gasses in the lungs is called EXTERNAL RESPIRATION. Thus the air breathed out contains more carbon dioxide and less oxygen than the air breathed.
THE NUTRITION OF HAIR
Healthy growing hair needs nourishment, growth depends on the constant division of the cells surrounding the papillae. The newly formed cells must then change shape and become keratinised as they travel along the hair follicle.
THE MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTHY HAIR ARE BROUGHT TO THE HAIR PAPILLA BY THE BLOOD.
These materials include products of the digestion of the food we eat and the air we breathe in OXYGEN. Concluding that the nourishment of hair involves the respiratory system, the digestive system and the BLOOD SYSTEM.
The materials required for the nutrition of hair are GLUCOSE AND OXYGEN. The dividing cells in the germinal matrix require a supply of energy to enable various chemical reactions to take place, inside the cells. This energy is produced when oxygen from the air we breathe reacts chemically with glucose. This chemical reaction is an oxidation process, since it involves the addition of oxygen to the glucose.
Glucose is a white crystalline monosaccharide sugar that has several optically active forms. The most abundant being dextrose, a major energy source in metabolism. Glucose is obtained mainly from the digestion of carbohydrate foods (sugars and starches), but may also be obtained by the breakdown of fats from any non-essential amino acid.
The process of oxidising the glucose would take place Very slowly if group B vitamins were not present. These vitamins increase the rate of the chemical reaction, Without being changed themselves. Other vitamins and minerals also play a major part in the growth of hair, vitamin A affects the formation of keratin, vitamin C is necessary to make the cementing materials between cells. The mineral element iron is required to form red Cells which Carry oxygen in the blood. Mature hair Consists mainly of the protein keratin, which like other proteins are an essential constituent of all living organisms, is built up from smaller units called amino acids. During digestion, protein foods such as milk, fish, eggs and meat are broken down into amino acids. THESE ARE CIRCULATED IN THE BLOOD STREAM, sorted out and re-arranged to be built up into keratin in the cells of the hair. Thus, the nutrition of hair depends on the food we eat, that must be digested and on the air We breathe. To maintain health We must have a daily supply of proteins (meat, eggs, fish, cheese, peas, beans, soya beans, nuts, vegetable proteins and animal proteins) in order to build new cells e.g. new hair, nails and skin cells, protein may also produce energy. There is very little danger or lack of these in the U.K. diets. A lack can cause stunted growth, blotchy skin, poor thin hair and loss of hair colour. We need Carbohydrates to provide energy, minerals like calcium, which we get from milk or cheese to build strong teeth and bones and stop you from getting rickets. Iron obtained from egg yolk, liver and green vegetables, to build up haemoglobin for red Cells, which carry oxygen, with anaemia resulting in deficiency, vitamin A vital for correct functioning of the retina of the eyes, also prevent keratin from forming in the lining of the nose and throat and on the front of the eyebrows. dairy produce, margarine, liver, carrots and fish contain the essential vitamin which deters blindness, dry nose leading to infection. Keratin plugs in the follicles of the upper arms and legs.
Lack of vitamin B affects nerves, skin and the digestion of food, these are obtained from Cereals, meats, liver, oranges, black currants and green vegetables are full of vitamin C, to build the Cementing material between cells and help with the absorption of iron. l suffered myself from a lack of these while Working at a holiday Camp, after about four months my gums would bleed all the time. Also Causes scurvy, loose teeth, bruising and poor healing of Wounds.
Vitamin D, which is a must to ensure the building of strong teeth and bone, source of this Can be provided by dairy goods, also made in the skin by the action of sunlight. Our bodies are built larger from proteins which are complex substances Comprising long chains of amino acids. Some of these amino acids are made by the body, but others have to be obtained by the breakdown of proteins in our food. It is generally Considered that each day We require one gram of protein food for each kilogram of body Weight. For an average man this means some seventy grams of protein.
THE DIGESTION OF FOOD
Digestion is necessary to break down foods into simple substances, which can be absorbed into the bloodstream. In the mouth food is chewed or masticated, by the action of the jaws and teeth and is mixed with saliva. Mastication renders the food small enough to be swallowed and allows saliva to mix thoroughly with it. The alimentary canal, where digestion takes place, starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. Food in the mouth is swallowed and is then moved through the alimentary canal by the action of the muscles in the wall of the gut. Food is broken down by the churning movement of the stomach.
The main breakdown however, is by chemical action brought about by organic enzymes or catalysts secreted by the walls of the digestive tract itself. Digestion is aided by the liver, pancreas and salivary glands. Each digestive enzyme will only act on one type of nutrient. Pepsin is an enzyme which acts on proteins, breaking long chain molecules into shorter lengths. Renin is an enzyme which acts on soluble protein of milk, a protein which cannot be acted on by pepsin. Digestion begins in the mouth, continues in the stomach and the small intestine and is completed in the lower part of the small intestine, the ileum. The digested food is then absorbed through the walls of the ileum and enters the fine blood vessels, which surround the ileum wall.
The surface area of the inner lining of the small intestine is greatly increased by means of folds bearing tiny projections called Villi, which extend like hairs on a carpet. These projections cover the whole lining, there are over five million of them, which are constantly lengthening, shortening and swaying as they come into contact with digested food.
Within the villi are blood and lymph vessels, into which the product of digestion are absorbed. Simple sugars (glucose, fructose and galactose) from carbohydrate digestion and amino acid digestion pass into the blood system and are passed along the portal vein into the liver. This vital organ controls the food content in the blood. Storing surplus sugar as glycogen and breaking down unwanted amino acids. Blood leaving the liver has a constant composition. Blood carries the products of digestion to the heart, which circulates them to all parts of the body e.g. the Scalp.
The indigestible part of food passes into the large intestine where Water is absorbed. The remainder is passed out of the body through the anus.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN
The skin consists of two main layers. The epidermis (the outer layer) and the dermis, which is the inner layer. Beneath the dermis is a fatty subcutaneous layer which, in most parts of the body, loosely attach the skin to the underlying muscle. In the scalp however, a strong shaft of fibrous tissue or tendon called Epioranial Aponeurosis lies immediately below the subcutaneous tissue. The boundary between the epidermis and dermis is Clearly defined, buttne dermis merges gradually with the subcutaneous layer, varying amounts of fat stored in the subcutaneous tissue, acts as insulation to prevent loss of body neat. The surface of the skin and hair is coated with the slightly acid secretion of two types of glands.
A) Sweat glands are coiled tubes lying in the dermis with a duct leading to an opening or pore on the surface of the skin. Sweat consists of 98% water and 2% Sodium Chloride (common salt) with traces of many other substances. The liquid sweat takes heat from the body when it evaporates and this Cools the body.
B) Sebaceous glands are small, sacculated and lodged in the substance of the dermis. They are found in most parts of the skin, but especially abundant in the scalp and face.
They open into the hair follicle and secrete an oily substance called Sebum, which lubricates the skin and hair shaft, so helping to make them Waterproof. Sebum gives lustre to the hair, though excess makes the hair greasy. The secretory activity of the sebaceous gland does not appear to be under nervous control. It is stimulated by hormonal action particularly androgen (male hormones).
The skin is Composed of several layers of cells and the lower the layer the more active the cells. The top layer of skin is the final result of the cells activity below. The top layer of skin is called the EPIDERMlS. It is the outer covering of the skin and is divided into several layers. The cells of the top Skin are hard and horny and are arranged in an overlapping manner, known as the HORNY LAYER. There is little elasticity or colour in these cells and the uppermost are in the process of falling from the skin. Flat dead cells of keratin which are gradually shed from the surface of the skin by friction as for example, when scales are removed from the scalp during brushing. When the skin is wrapped in a bandage for a long time, the dead cells may be seen on its removal as white flakes or strips of dead skin. It is the part of the skin, which is constantly being washed, rubbed or worn away.
Below the horny layer is the CLEAR layer. The flattened cells of this layer contain keratin and have no nuclei, melanin granules are destroyed in this layer of colourless cells. Sunlight penetrates through this layer and activates temporary skin colour.
The GRANULAR layer lays beneath the clear layer. It is composed of layers of granulated cells which are softer than the hard cells above. The nuclei of the cells, in this layer are breaking down leading to the death of the cells. Also, keratin are being formed in the Cells. Keratin is a fibrous sulphur containing protein.
The next layer is composed of a mixture of cell types and is known by several names, the most common being the PRICKLE CELL LAYER. In the lower parts of this layer are found the cells which Contain the natural Colour pigment. Some of the soft nucleated cells of this layer have a spiny outgrowth through which it is thought that melanin granules enter the cells.
Together with the germinating layer it forms the living part of the epidermis. The GERMINATING LAYER is the lowest part of the epidermis. It is sometimes called the base layer. This is formed of larger cells which line the wavy base of the epidermis. This actively growing layer consists of regularly arranged cells which are Constantly dividing to form new Cells, so pushing the old Cells towards the surface of the skin. The germinating layer is continuous around the hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands, and although these structures may appear to be part of the dermis they are all down growths of the epidermis. Among the cells of this layer are smaller cells called melanocytes. Which produce the pigment of the skin, in the form of black, brown or yellow granules of melanin. Sunbathing increases the production of melanin which protects the skin from damage by the sun’s rays. The dark pigment absorbs harmful radiation. There is no blood or nerve supply to the epidermis, all nutrients come from below.
The DERMIS joins the epidermis in a series of ridges called dermal papillae, which are shallow in the scalp. The dermis is the largest section of the skin, and is abundantly supplied with blood and nerve vessels which take nourishment to the growing cells of the epidermis. The blood vessels also help to keep the body temperature constant, by dilating if the body is too not and constricting if the body is too cold. It also contains units of touch, heat, cold and pain in its upper regions. The dermis is between 1 mm and 4mm in thickness and consists of a dense network of fibres embedded in a jelly like ground substance. Many of the fibres are elastic fibres and give the skin flexibility the ground substance holds a lot of water which makes the skin firm.
Underlying the dermis is the subcutaneous tissue. This is a compound of loose cellular and fatty tissue. This part of the skin stores fat, and gives firmness and roundness to the body’s shapes. It assists in temperature regulation and acts as a protective cushion.
In an unborn child the formation of the hair in the skin initially takes place by a down growth of the epidermis and an upgrowth from the area which is to become the papillae and the germinal matrix the outside of the follicle being a continuation of tine germinating layer of the epidermis. The walls of the follicle are known as the outer root sheath. The dermis forms a protective sheath of connective tissue round each follicle and also projects upwards at the base of the follicle forming the hair papilla.
The hair grows from the epidermal cells surrounding the papilla. The Cells are being nourished from the blood vessels which enter the papilla. Each hair follicle has a muscle, Called the arrector pili muscle. In certain conditions, cold or fear cause the muscle to contract. Moving the sloping follicle and making the hair stand erect, long hair will not appear to stand on end. This muscle contraction is an attempt by the body to trap a layer of still air between the skin and hair to prevent heat loss. Whilst in the follicle, the hair itself is surrounded and protected by the inner root sheath, which grows alongside the hair. The inner root sheath Consists of three layers.
(A) A Cuticle with overlapping scales pointing to the base of the follicle and so over-locking with the Cuticle of the hair and holding the hair firmly.
(B) HUXLEY’S layer, two or three Cells in thickness.
(C) HENLE’S layer, of one cell in thickness which lies next to, but separate from the outer root sheath
The surface of Henle’s layer is smooth and easily able to slip over the outer sheath, as the hair and its inner root sheath move upwards together. The inner root sheath breaks down about two thirds of the Way up the follicle at the level of the opening of the sebaceous glands, the passage of hair along the remaining part of the follicle is eased by the presence of Sebum. If a hair is pulled from the scalp the inner root sheath Comes out at the same time and can be seen as a White thickening at the end of the hair. The lower part of the follicle widens out into the hair bulb which fits over the papilla. The epidermal cells surrounding the papilla form the germinal matrix of the root of hair. These cells are constantly dividing to make new cells which push the older ones upwards.
At first all the cells are alike, but as they move up the follicle they begin to change shape and keratin develops in the cells. The different types of cell for cuticle, cortex and medulla of the hair and the cells of the inner root sheath develop. By the time they are about one third of the way up the follicle cells are dead and fully keratinised. Between the cells surrounding the papilla are melanocytes producing melanin, the Colour of the hair, most of which passes into the cortex of the hair.
The skin is Composed of several layers of cells and the lower the layer the more active the cells. The top layer of skin is the final result of the cells activity below. The top layer of skin is called the EPIDERMlS. It is the outer covering of the skin and is divided into several layers. The cells of the top Skin are hard and horny and are arranged in an overlapping manner, known as the HORNY LAYER. There is little elasticity or colour in these cells and the uppermost are in the process of falling from the skin. Flat dead cells of keratin which are gradually shed from the surface of the skin by friction as for example, when scales are removed from the scalp during brushing. When the skin is wrapped in a bandage for a long time, the dead cells may be seen on its removal as white flakes or strips of dead skin. It is the part of the skin, which is constantly being washed, rubbed or worn away.
Below the horny layer is the CLEAR layer. The flattened cells of this layer contain keratin and have no nuclei, melanin granules are destroyed in this layer of colourless cells. Sunlight penetrates through this layer and activates temporary skin colour.
The GRANULAR layer lays beneath the clear layer. It is composed of layers of granulated cells which are softer than the hard cells above. The nuclei of the cells, in this layer are breaking down leading to the death of the cells. Also, keratin are being formed in the Cells. Keratin is a fibrous sulphur containing protein.
The next layer is composed of a mixture of cell types and is known by several names, the most common being the PRICKLE CELL LAYER. In the lower parts of this layer are found the cells which Contain the natural Colour pigment. Some of the soft nucleated cells of this layer have a spiny outgrowth through which it is thought that melanin granules enter the cells.
Together with the germinating layer it forms the living part of the epidermis. The GERMINATING LAYER is the lowest part of the epidermis. It is sometimes called the base layer. This is formed of larger cells which line the wavy base of the epidermis. This actively growing layer consists of regularly arranged cells which are Constantly dividing to form new Cells, so pushing the old Cells towards the surface of the skin. The germinating layer is continuous around the hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands, and although these structures may appear to be part of the dermis they are all down growths of the epidermis. Among the cells of this layer are smaller cells called melanocytes. Which produce the pigment of the skin, in the form of black, brown or yellow granules of melanin. Sunbathing increases the production of melanin which protects the skin from damage by the sun’s rays. The dark pigment absorbs harmful radiation. There is no blood or nerve supply to the epidermis, all nutrients come from below.
The DERMIS joins the epidermis in a series of ridges called dermal papillae, which are shallow in the scalp. The dermis is the largest section of the skin, and is abundantly supplied with blood and nerve vessels which take nourishment to the growing cells of the epidermis. The blood vessels also help to keep the body temperature constant, by dilating if the body is too not and constricting if the body is too cold. It also contains units of touch, heat, cold and pain in its upper regions. The dermis is between 1 mm and 4mm in thickness and consists of a dense network of fibres embedded in a jelly like ground substance. Many of the fibres are elastic fibres and give the skin flexibility the ground substance holds a lot of water which makes the skin firm.
Underlying the dermis is the subcutaneous tissue. This is a compound of loose cellular and fatty tissue. This part of the skin stores fat, and gives firmness and roundness to the body’s shapes. It assists in temperature regulation and acts as a protective cushion.
In an unborn child the formation of the hair in the skin initially takes place by a down growth of the epidermis and an upgrowth from the area which is to become the papillae and the germinal matrix the outside of the follicle being a continuation of tine germinating layer of the epidermis. The walls of the follicle are known as the outer root sheath. The dermis forms a protective sheath of connective tissue round each follicle and also projects upwards at the base of the follicle forming the hair papilla.
The hair grows from the epidermal cells surrounding the papilla. The Cells are being nourished from the blood vessels which enter the papilla. Each hair follicle has a muscle, Called the arrector pili muscle. In certain conditions, cold or fear cause the muscle to contract. Moving the sloping follicle and making the hair stand erect, long hair will not appear to stand on end. This muscle contraction is an attempt by the body to trap a layer of still air between the skin and hair to prevent heat loss. Whilst in the follicle, the hair itself is surrounded and protected by the inner root sheath, which grows alongside the hair. The inner root sheath Consists of three layers.
(A) A Cuticle with overlapping scales pointing to the base of the follicle and so over-locking with the Cuticle of the hair and holding the hair firmly.
(B) HUXLEY’S layer, two or three Cells in thickness.
(C) HENLE’S layer, of one cell in thickness which lies next to, but separate from the outer root sheath
The surface of Henle’s layer is smooth and easily able to slip over the outer sheath, as the hair and its inner root sheath move upwards together. The inner root sheath breaks down about two thirds of the Way up the follicle at the level of the opening of the sebaceous glands, the passage of hair along the remaining part of the follicle is eased by the presence of Sebum. If a hair is pulled from the scalp the inner root sheath Comes out at the same time and can be seen as a White thickening at the end of the hair. The lower part of the follicle widens out into the hair bulb which fits over the papilla. The epidermal cells surrounding the papilla form the germinal matrix of the root of hair. These cells are constantly dividing to make new cells which push the older ones upwards.
At first all the cells are alike, but as they move up the follicle they begin to change shape and keratin develops in the cells. The different types of cell for cuticle, cortex and medulla of the hair and the cells of the inner root sheath develop. By the time they are about one third of the way up the follicle cells are dead and fully keratinised. Between the cells surrounding the papilla are melanocytes producing melanin, the Colour of the hair, most of which passes into the cortex of the hair.
THE GROWTH OF HAIR
Hair, like all living material, grows by the constant division of cells. Each cell is a microscopic unit of living matter consisting of a jelly-like mass cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane through which nourishment can pass into the cell. A nucleus, usually at the centre of the cell, controls activity Groups of cells form tissue such as skin and nerve tissue. New cells are produced in various parts of the body, when one cell splits into two parts. The nucleus divides first, followed by the cytoplasm. The division of the cells at the bottom of the hair follicle in the skin produces the new cells required for hair growth.
In order to understand the natural Cure to baldness, it is necessary to study the structure of the skin and hair follicles, so you have a clear View on hair growth (Figure 5, General skin and hair diagram).
The skin is the outer Covering of the body, it is one of the largest, most important organs. The skin Contains a number of essential parts, and generally protects the delicate underlying organs and tissues. Contained in the skin, the hairs, hair follicles, oil and sweat glands, muscles, blood vessels, nerves and sensory glands.
The important functions of the skin are protection, heat control, secretion, excretion, sensation and absorption. The skin helps to protect the body by producing extra colour pigment tanning prevents harmful rays from the sun damaging underlying tissues.The skin forms a barrier against germs and prevents infection. It is a flexible tough covering, which repairs itself when torn. Extremes of heat and cold are regulated by the normal hair function. The hair muscles and sweat glands which help maintain the body temperature, secretion and excretion are maintained by the oil and sweat glands. The sense organs are tiny units which lie immediately beneath the top layer of skin. These units are well supplied with nerve endings, which enable the stimulations and responses of the body to take place. Separate units convey the sensations of heat, cold, pain and touch. The skin absorbs little and the depth of absorption is limited. Newer chemicals, however, have deep penetrating qualities. Water is rejected by the Waterproofing effects of the natural oil of the skin, Sebum.
“The Story of Hair”
Hair grows almost everywhere on the body. The hair l think you really want to know about is the hair that grows out of the scalp. Wherever it is found, the structure and growth cycle of all human hair is the same.
Hair consists of a shaft, the portion visible to the outside world. The shaft is always pointed unless it has been trimmed. But the story of hair really begins below the skin’s surface. Where each hair is contained within a pouch-like tube called a Follicle. The portion projecting out of the surface of the skin with a funnel shaped opening and passes inwards in a curved or slanted direction, the latter in curly hair, to become dilated at its deepest extremity where it corresponds with the root. The ducts of one or more sebaceous glands open into the follicle near the skin’s surface.
The shaft is made up of dead, strong, durable material called keratin. The active growing part of hair, which is still alive is situated at the base of the root about 4mm deep and 0.4mm wide. Overleaf is a diagram of hair.
Therefore, the hair dies as it grows up the follicle, becomes hardened and emerges from the skin’s surface as dead material known as keratin.
Therefore, the hair dies as it grows up the follicle, becomes hardened and emerges from the skin’s surface as dead material known as keratin.
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